"Leiningen!" he shouted. "You're insane! They're not creatures you can fight--they're an elemental--an 'act of God!' Ten miles long, two miles wide--ants, nothing but ants! And every single one of them a fiend from hell..." -- from Leiningen Versus the Ants by Carl Stephenson
Leiningen is a build tool for Clojure designed to not set your hair on fire.
Building Clojure projects with tools designed for Java can be an exercise in frustration. With Leiningen, you describe your build with Clojure.
Leiningen bootstraps itself using the lein shell script; there is no separate 'install script'. It installs its dependencies upon the first run on unix, so the first run will take longer.
- Download the script.
- Place it on your path and chmod it to be executable.
I like to place it in ~/bin, but it can go anywhere on the $PATH. To track development of Leiningen you may use the master version of the script instead. See the "Building" section below.
On Windows most users can
- Download the Windows distribution lein-1.4.0-win32.zip
- Unzip in a folder of choice.
- Include the "lein" directory in PATH.
If you have wget.exe or curl.exe already installed and in PATH, you can download either the stable version lein.bat, or the development version and use self-install.
The tutorial has a detailed walk-through of the steps involved in creating a new project, but here are the commonly-used tasks:
$ lein new NAME # generate a new project skeleton
$ lein deps # install dependencies in lib/
$ lein test [TESTS] # run the tests in the TESTS namespaces, or all tests
$ lein repl # launch an interactive REPL session and socket server
$ lein jar # package up the whole project as a .jar file
$ lein install [NAME VERSION] # install a project
Use lein help to see a complete list. lein help $TASK shows the usage for a specific one.
You can also chain tasks together in a single command by using commas:
$ lein clean, test foo.test-core, jar
Most tasks need to be run from somewhere inside a project directory to work, but some (new, help, version, plugin, and the two-argument version of install) may run from anywhere.
The install task places shell scripts in the ~/.lein/bin directory for projects that include them, so if you want to take advantage of this, you should put it on your $PATH.
Place a project.clj file in the project root like this:
(defproject leiningen "0.5.0-SNAPSHOT"
:description "A build tool designed to not set your hair on fire."
:url "http://github.com/technomancy/leiningen"
:dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.1.0"]
[org.clojure/clojure-contrib "1.1.0"]]
:dev-dependencies [[swank-clojure "1.2.1"]])
The lein new task generates a project skeleton with an appropriate starting point from which you can work. See the sample.project.clj file for a detailed listing of configuration options.
You can also have user-level configuration that applies for all projects. The ~/.lein/init.clj file will be loaded every time Leiningen launches; any arbitrary code may go there. This code is executed inside Leiningen itself, not in your project. Set the :repl-init-script key in project.clj to point to a file if you want code executed inside your project.
You can also manage your plugins with the plugin task. Use the same arguments you would put in the Leiningen :dev-dependencies if you were only using the plugin on a single project.
$ lein plugin install lein-clojars/lein-clojars "0.6.0"
See the plugin task's help for more information.
$ lein plugin help
Q: How do you pronounce Leiningen?
A: It's LINE-ing-en. I think.
Q: What does this offer over Lancet?
A: Lancet is more of a library than a build tool. It doesn't predefine
any tasks apart from what Ant itself offers, so there is nothing
Clojure-specific in it. Leiningen builds on Lancet, but takes
things further. In addition, it includes some Maven functionality
for dependencies.
Q: But Maven is terrifying!
A: That's not a question. Anyway, Leiningen only uses the dependency
resolution parts of Maven, which are quite tame. For the actual
task execution cycles it uses Ant under the covers via Lancet.
Q: But Ant is terrifying!
A: That's true. Ant is
an interpreter for a procedural language with a regrettable
syntax.
But if you treat it as a standard library of build-related
functions and are able to write it with a more pleasing syntax, it's
not bad.
Q: What's a group ID? How do snapshots work?
A: See the
tutorial
for background.
Q: How should I pick my version numbers?
A: Use semantic versioning.
Q: What if my project depends on jars that aren't in any repository?
A: Open-source jars can be uploaded to Clojars (see "Publishing"
in the tutorial), though be sure to use the group-id of
"org.clojars.$USERNAME" in order to avoid conflicts and to allow the
original authors to claim it in the future once they get around to
uploading. Alternatively you can do a one-off install into your
local repository in ~/.m2 with Maven. Add a dependency to
project.clj that doesn't exist in any remote repository and run
lein deps. It won't succeed, but the output will include
the mvn invocation to do this. It's much better to get
the dependency in a remote repository for repeatability reasons
though. For teams working on private projects
Hudson works well.
Q: How do I write my own tasks?
A: If it's a task that may be useful to more than just your
project, you should make it into a
plugin.
You can also include one-off tasks in your src/leiningen/ directory
if they're not worth spinning off; the plugin guide shows how.
Q: I want to hack two projects in parallel, but it's annoying to switch between them.
A: Use a feature called checkout dependencies. If you create a directory called checkouts in your project root and symlink some other project roots into it, Leiningen will allow you to hack on them in parallel. That means changes in the dependency will be visible in the main project without having to go through the whole install/switch-projects/deps/restart-swank cycle. Note that this is not a replacement for listing the project in :dependencies; it simply supplements that.
Q: Is it possible to exclude indirect dependencies?
A: Yes. Some libraries, such as log4j, depend on projects that are
not included in public repositories and unnecessary for basic
functionality. Projects listed as :dependencies may exclude
any of their dependencies by using the :exclusions key. See
sample.project.clj for details.
Q: It says a required artifact is missing for "super-pom". What's that?
A: The Maven API that Leiningen uses refers to your project as
"super-pom". It's just a quirk of the API. It probably means there
is a typo in your :dependency declaration in project.clj.
Q: What does java.lang.NoSuchMethodError: clojure.lang.RestFn.(I)V mean?
A: It means you have some code that was AOT (ahead-of-time)
compiled with a different version of Clojure than the one you're
currently using. If it persists after running lein clean then it
is a problem with your dependencies. If you depend on contrib, make
sure the contrib version matches the Clojure version. Also note for
your own project that AOT compilation in Clojure is much less
important than it is in other languages. There are a few
language-level features that must be AOT-compiled to work, generally
for Java interop. If you are not using any of these features, you
should not AOT-compile your project if other projects may depend
upon it.
Q: What can be done to speed up launch?
A: The main delay involved in Leiningen comes from starting the JVM.
Launching "lein interactive" will give you an interactive session so
you can run many tasks against the same process instead of launching
a new one every time. Depending on your editor you may also be able
to take advantage of its Clojure integration.
Q: Still too slow; what else can make startup faster?
A: There are two flavours of the JVM, client and server. The
server is optimized for long-running processes and has quite a poor
startup time. Leiningen will try to launch a client JVM, but this
only works on 32-bit JVM installations. If you are on a 64-bit
machine you can still use a client JVM if you install 32-bit
packages; on Ubuntu try ia32-sun-java6-bin. Once you've installed
it, set the JAVA_CMD environment variable to
/usr/lib/jvm/ia32-java-6-sun/bin/java.
Please report issues on the Github issue tracker or the mailing list. Personal email addresses are not appropriate for bug reports. See the file HACKING.md for more details on how Leiningen's codebase is structured.
You don't need to "build" Leiningen per se, but when you're using a checkout you will need to get its dependencies in place. If you have a copy of an older Leiningen version around (at least 1.1.0, installed as lein-stable, for example), then you can run "lein-stable deps" in your checkout. If Leiningen's dependencies change it will be necessary to remove the lib/ directory entirely before running "lein deps" again. (This is not necessary for most projects, but Leiningen has unique bootstrapping issues when working on itself.)
Alternatively a lein self-install will usually get you what you need. However, this will occasionally fail for very new SNAPSHOT versions since the standalone jar will not have been uploaded yet.
You can also use Maven, just for variety's sake:
$ mvn dependency:copy-dependencies
$ mv target/dependency lib
Symlink bin/lein from your checkout into a location on the $PATH. The script can figure out when it's being called from inside a checkout and use the checkout rather than the self-install uberjar.
See the file HACKING.md for instructions on contributing.
Copyright (C) 2009-2010 Phil Hagelberg, Alex Osborne, Dan Larkin, and contributors.
Thanks to Stuart Halloway for Lancet and Tim Dysinger for convincing me that good builds are important.
Distributed under the Eclipse Public License, the same as Clojure uses. See the file COPYING.