Remove sublocations necessary for area constraints

So far, there were 4 sublocations per node, so 5 nodes per location in total. This is bad for performance. The sublocations existed so that technologies can compete on the same land. But actually, only open field pv and (parts of) wind onshore are competing on the same land. So now, all other renewable technologies are restricted by power caps. The area of a location represents the land that can be used by open field pv and wind onshore. This required a second wind onshore technology, as one has a area footprint (the one competing with open field pv) whereas the other does not. The whole change removes the need for sublocations and thus removes 80% of the Calliope locations.
timtroendle · Feb 27, 2019 · a0b8014 · a0b8014
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diff --git a/.flake8 b/.flake8
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [flake8]
 max-line-length = 119
-ignore = E261
+ignore = E261, W503
 exclude = Snakefile, *.smk
 builtins = snakemake # for using the snakemake injection in scripts
diff --git a/Snakefile b/Snakefile
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ LAND_ELIGIBILITY = "src/data/national-eligibility.csv"
 localrules: all, raw_load, model, clean, copy_template
 
 
+onstart:
+    shell("mkdir -p build/logs")
+
+
 rule all:
     message: "Generate Euro Calliope and run tests."
     input:

diff --git a/src/locations.py b/src/locations.py
@@ -2,56 +2,35 @@
 import jinja2
 import pandas as pd
 
+FLAT_ROOF_SHARE = 0.302 # TODO add source (own publication)
+MAXIMUM_INSTALLABLE_POWER_DENSITY = {
+    "pv-on-tilted-roofs": 160, # [W/m^2] from (Gagnon:2016, Klauser:2016), i.e. 16% efficiency
+    "pv-on-flat-areas": 80, # [W/m^2] from (Gagnon:2016, Klauser:2016, Wirth:2017) # FIXME also defined in renewable-techs.yaml
+    "onshore-wind": 8, # [W/m^2] from (European Environment Agency, 2009) # FIXME also defined in renewable-techs.yaml
+    "offshore-wind": 15 # [W/m^2] from (European Environment Agency, 2009)
+}
 
 TEMPLATE = """locations:
     {{ eligibilities.index | join(', ') }}:
         techs:
             demand_elec:
             battery:
             hydrogen:
+            open_field_pv:
+            wind_onshore_competing:
     {% for country, eligibility in eligibilities.iterrows() %}
-    {{ country }}_pv_or_wind_farm:
-        available_area: {{ eligibility.eligibility_onshore_wind_and_pv_km2 }}
+    {{ country }}:
+        available_area: {{ eligibility.eligibility_onshore_wind_and_pv_km2 }} # usable by onshore wind or open field pv
         techs:
-            open_field_pv:
+            wind_onshore_monopoly:
                 constraints:
-                    resource: file=capacityfactors-open-field-pv.csv:{{ country }}
-            wind_onshore:
-                constraints:
-                    resource: file=capacityfactors-wind-onshore.csv:{{ country }}
-    {{ country }}_roof_mounted_pv:
-        available_area: {{ eligibility.eligibility_rooftop_pv_km2 }}
-        techs:
+                    energy_cap_max: {{ eligibility.eligibility_onshore_wind_monopoly_kw }}
             roof_mounted_pv:
                 constraints:
-                    resource: file=capacityfactors-rooftop-pv.csv:{{ country }}
-    {{ country }}_wind_offshore:
-        available_area: {{ eligibility.eligibility_offshore_wind_km2 }}
-        techs:
+                    energy_cap_max: {{ eligibility.eligibility_rooftop_pv_kw }}
             wind_offshore:
                 constraints:
-                    resource: file=capacityfactors-wind-offshore.csv:{{ country }}
-    {{ country }}_wind_onshore:
-        available_area: {{ eligibility.eligibility_onshore_wind_km2 }}
-        techs:
-            wind_onshore:
-                constraints:
-                    resource: file=capacityfactors-wind-onshore.csv:{{ country }}
-    {% endfor %}
-links:
-    {% for country, _ in eligibilities.iterrows() %}
-    {{ country }},{{ country}}_pv_or_wind_farm:
-        techs:
-            free_transmission:
-    {{ country }},{{ country}}_roof_mounted_pv:
-        techs:
-            free_transmission:
-    {{ country }},{{ country}}_wind_offshore:
-        techs:
-            free_transmission:
-    {{ country }},{{ country}}_wind_onshore:
-        techs:
-            free_transmission:
+                    energy_cap_max: {{ eligibility.eligibility_offshore_wind_kw }}
     {% endfor %}
 """
 
@@ -60,12 +39,31 @@ def construct_locations(path_to_land_eligibility_km2, path_to_result):
     """Generate a file that represents locations in Calliope."""
     template = jinja2.Template(TEMPLATE)
     rendered = template.render(
-        eligibilities=pd.read_csv(path_to_land_eligibility_km2, index_col=0)
+        eligibilities=_from_area_to_installed_capacity(
+            land_eligibiligy_km2=pd.read_csv(path_to_land_eligibility_km2, index_col=0),
+            flat_roof_share=FLAT_ROOF_SHARE,
+            maximum_installable_power_density=MAXIMUM_INSTALLABLE_POWER_DENSITY
+        )
     )
     with open(path_to_result, "w") as result_file:
         result_file.write(rendered)
 
 
+def _from_area_to_installed_capacity(land_eligibiligy_km2, flat_roof_share,
+                                     maximum_installable_power_density):
+    cap = land_eligibiligy_km2.copy()
+    factor_rooftop = (
+        maximum_installable_power_density["pv-on-flat-areas"] * flat_roof_share
+        + maximum_installable_power_density["pv-on-tilted-roofs"] * (1 - flat_roof_share)
+    ) * 1000 # MW/km2 to kW/km2
+    factor_onshore = maximum_installable_power_density["onshore-wind"] * 1000 # MW/km2 to kW/km2
+    factor_offshore = maximum_installable_power_density["offshore-wind"] * 1000 # MW/km2 to kW/km2
+    cap["eligibility_rooftop_pv_kw"] = cap["eligibility_rooftop_pv_km2"] * factor_rooftop
+    cap["eligibility_offshore_wind_kw"] = cap["eligibility_offshore_wind_km2"] * factor_offshore
+    cap["eligibility_onshore_wind_monopoly_kw"] = cap["eligibility_onshore_wind_km2"] * factor_onshore
+    return cap
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     construct_locations(
         path_to_land_eligibility_km2=snakemake.input.land_eligibility_km2,

diff --git a/src/template/renewable-techs.yaml b/src/template/renewable-techs.yaml
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ tech_groups:
             carrier: electricity
             parent: supply
         constraints:
-            resource_area_per_energy_cap: 0.0000125 # [km^2/kW] from (Gagnon:2016, Klauser:2016, Wirth:2017)
-            resource_area_max: inf # see https://github.com/calliope-project/calliope/pull/160
             energy_cap_max: inf # see https://github.com/calliope-project/calliope/issues/161
             lifetime: 20
         costs:
@@ -19,45 +17,57 @@ tech_groups:
             carrier: electricity
             parent: supply
         constraints:
-            resource_area_max: inf # see https://github.com/calliope-project/calliope/pull/160
             energy_cap_max: inf # see https://github.com/calliope-project/calliope/issues/161
             lifetime: 20
+    wind_onshore:
+        essentials:
+            name: Onshore wind
+            parent: wind
+        constraints:
+            resource: file=capacityfactors-wind-onshore.csv
+            resource_unit: energy_per_cap
+        costs:
+            monetary:
+                energy_cap: 1316.28 # EUR2016/kW from IRENA (Figure 5.2), valid for 2016
+                om_annual: 49.72 # EUR2016/kW from IRENA (Table 5.1)
 
 techs:
     open_field_pv:
         essentials:
             name: Open field PV
             parent: pv
         constraints:
+            # open_field_pv and wind_onshore_competing are the only technologies with area footprints
+            # as they are the only technologies competing on the same land.
             resource_area_per_energy_cap: 0.0000125 # [km^2/kW] from (Gagnon:2016, Klauser:2016, Wirth:2017)
+            resource_area_max: inf # see https://github.com/calliope-project/calliope/pull/160
             resource: file=capacityfactors-open-field-pv.csv
             resource_unit: energy_per_cap
     roof_mounted_pv:
         essentials:
             name: Roof mounted PV
             parent: pv
         constraints:
-            resource_area_per_energy_cap: 0.00000625 # [km^2/kW] from (Gagnon:2016, Klauser:2016)
             resource: file=capacityfactors-rooftop-pv.csv
             resource_unit: energy_per_cap
-    wind_onshore:
+    wind_onshore_monopoly:
         essentials:
-            name: Onshore wind
-            parent: wind
+            name: Onshore wind without land competition
+            parent: wind_onshore
+    wind_onshore_competing:
+        essentials:
+            name: Onshore wind competing with open field PV on land
+            parent: wind_onshore
         constraints:
+            # open_field_pv and wind_onshore_competing are the only technologies with area footprints
+            # as they are the only technologies competing on the same land.
             resource_area_per_energy_cap: 0.000125 # [km^2/kW] from (European Environment Agency, 2009)
-            resource: file=capacityfactors-wind-onshore.csv
-            resource_unit: energy_per_cap
-        costs:
-            monetary:
-                energy_cap: 1316.28 # EUR2016/kW from IRENA (Figure 5.2), valid for 2016
-                om_annual: 49.72 # EUR2016/kW from IRENA (Table 5.1)
+            resource_area_max: inf # see https://github.com/calliope-project/calliope/pull/160
     wind_offshore:
         essentials:
             name: Offshore wind
             parent: wind
         constraints:
-            resource_area_per_energy_cap: 0.000066667 # [km^2/kW] from (European Environment Agency, 2009)
             resource: file=capacityfactors-wind-offshore.csv
             resource_unit: energy_per_cap
         costs: