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clqr-clos.tex
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% Copyright (C) 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Bert Burgemeister
%
% Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
% document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
% Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
% Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts and
% no Back-Cover Texts. For details see file COPYING.
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\section{CLOS}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection{Classes}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{LIST}{1cm}
\IT{(\FU*{SLOT-EXISTS-P} \VAR{foo} \VAR{bar})\qquad\qquad}
{
\retval{\T} if \VAR{foo} has a slot \VAR{bar}.
}
\IT{(\FU*{SLOT-BOUNDP} \VAR{instance} \VAR{slot})}
{
\retval{\T} if \VAR{slot} in \VAR{instance} is bound.
}
\IT{(\MC*{DEFCLASS} \VAR{foo}
(\OPn{\VAR{superclass}}\DF{\kwd{standard-object}})
(\xorGOO{%
\VAR{slot}\\
(\VAR{slot }
\orGOO{%
\Goos{\kwd{:reader} \VAR{reader}}\\
\Goos{\kwd{:writer} \xorGOO{%
\VAR{writer}\\
({\kwd{setf}\VAR{ writer}})}{\}}} \\
\Goos{\kwd{:accessor} \VAR{accessor}} \\
\kwd{:allocation } \xorGOO{%
\kwd{:instance}\\
\kwd{:class}}{\}}\DF{\kwd{:instance}}\\
\Goos{\kwd{:initarg} \kwd{:}\VAR{initarg-name}} \\
\kwd{:initform} \VAR{ form}\\
\kwd{:type} \VAR{ type}\\
\kwd{:documentation}
\VAR{ slot-doc}}{\}})}{\}^{\!\!\!*}})
\orGOO{%
(\kwd{:default-initargs } \Goos{\VAR{name}\VAR{ value}})\\
(\kwd{:documentation} \VAR{ class-doc})\\
(\kwd{:metaclass} \VAR{ name}\DF{\kwd{standard-class}})}{\}})}
{
Define or modify \retval{class \VAR{foo}} as a subclass of
\VAR{superclass}es. Transform existing instances, if any,
by \GFU{make-instances-obsolete}. In a new instance \VAR{i} of
\VAR{foo}, a \VAR{slot}'s value defaults to \VAR{form} unless set
via \kwd{:}\VAR{initarg-name}; it is readable via (\VAR{reader}
\VAR{i}) or (\VAR{accessor} \VAR{i}), and writable via
(\VAR{writer} \VAR{value} \VAR{i}) or (\kwd{setf} (\VAR{accessor}
\VAR{i}) \VAR{value}). \VAR{slot}s with \kwd{:allocation :class}
are shared by all instances of class \VAR{foo}.
}
\IT{(\FU*{FIND-CLASS} \VAR{symbol} \OP{\VAR{errorp}\DF{\T}
\Op{\VAR{environment}}})}
{
Return \retval{class} named \VAR{symbol}. \kwd{setf}able.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{MAKE-INSTANCE} \VAR{class} \Goos{\kwd{:}\VAR{initarg}
\VAR{value}} \OPn{\VAR{other-keyarg}})}
{
Make new \retval{instance of \VAR{class}}.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{REINITIALIZE-INSTANCE} \VAR{instance} \Goos{\kwd{:}\VAR{initarg}
\VAR{value}} \OPn{\VAR{other-keyarg}})}
{
Change local slots of \retval{\VAR{instance}} according to
\VAR{initarg}s by means of \GFU{shared-initialize}.
}
\IT{(\FU*{SLOT-VALUE} \VAR{foo} \VAR{slot})}
{
Return \retval{value
of \VAR{slot} in \VAR{foo}}. \kwd{SETF}able.
}
\IT{(\FU*{SLOT-MAKUNBOUND} \VAR{instance} \VAR{slot})}
{
Make \VAR{slot} in \retval{\VAR{instance}} unbound.
}
\IT{(\xorGOO{%
\MC*{WITH-SLOTS } (\Goos{\NEV{\VAR{slot}}\XOR(\NEV{\VAR{var}} \NEV{\VAR{slot}})})\\
\MC*{WITH-ACCESSORS } (\OPn{(\NEV{\VAR{var}}\text{ } \NEV{\VAR{accessor}})})}{\}}
\VAR{instance} \OPn{(\kwd{declare} \OPn{\NEV{\VAR{decl}}})}
\PROGN{\VAR{form}})}
{
Return \retval{values of \VAR{form}s} after evaluating them in a
lexical environment with slots of \VAR{instance} visible as
\kwd{setf}able \VAR{slot}s or \VAR{var}s/with \VAR{accessor}s of
\VAR{instance} visible as \kwd{setf}able \VAR{var}s.
}
\IT{\arrGOO{(\GFU*{CLASS-NAME } \VAR{class})\\
((\kwd{setf } \GFU*{CLASS-NAME}) \VAR{ new-name } \VAR{class})}{.}}
{
Get/set \retval{name of \VAR{class}}.
}
\IT{(\FU*{CLASS-OF} \VAR{foo})}
{
\retval{Class} \VAR{foo} is a direct instance of.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{CHANGE-CLASS} \DES{\VAR{instance}} \VAR{new-class}
\Goos{\kwd{:}\VAR{initarg} \VAR{value}} \OPn{\VAR{other-keyarg}})}
{
Change class of \retval{\VAR{instance}} to \VAR{new-class}.
Retain the status of any slots that are common between
\VAR{instance}'s original class and \VAR{new-class}. Initialize
any newly added slots with the \VAR{value}s of the corresponding
\VAR{initarg}s if any, or with the values of their
\kwd{:initform} forms if not.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{MAKE-INSTANCES-OBSOLETE} \VAR{class})}
{
Update all existing instances of \VAR{class} using
\GFU{update-instance-for-redefined-class}.
}
\IT{(\xorGOO{%
\GFU*{INITIALIZE-INSTANCE } \VAR{instance}\\
\GFU*{UPDATE-INSTANCE-FOR-DIFFERENT-CLASS}
\VAR{ previous }\VAR{current}}{\}}
\Goos{\kwd{:}\VAR{initarg}
\VAR{value}} \OPn{\VAR{other-keyarg}})}
{
Set slots on behalf of \GFU{make-instance}/of
\GFU{change-class} by means of \GFU{shared-initialize}.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{UPDATE-INSTANCE-FOR-REDEFINED-CLASS}
\VAR{new-instance}
\VAR{added-slots}
\VAR{discarded-slots}
\VAR{discarded-slots-property-list}
\Goos{%
\kwd{:}\VAR{initarg}
\VAR{value}}
\OPn{\VAR{other-keyarg}})}
{
On behalf of \GFU{make-instances-obsolete} and by means of
\GFU{shared-initialize}, set any \VAR{initarg} slots to their
corresponding \VAR{value}s; set any remaining \VAR{added-slots} to
the values of their \kwd{:initform} forms. Not to be called by
user.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{ALLOCATE-INSTANCE} \VAR{class} \Goos{\kwd{:}\VAR{initarg}
\VAR{value}} \OPn{\VAR{other-keyarg}})}
{
Return uninitialized \retval{instance} of \VAR{class}. Called by
\GFU{make-instance}.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{SHARED-INITIALIZE} \VAR{instance}
\xorGOO{%
\VAR{initform-slots}\\
\T}{\}}
\Goos{\kwd{:}%
\VAR{initarg-slot}
\VAR{value}}
\OPn{\VAR{other-keyarg}})}
{
Fill the \VAR{initarg-slot}s of \VAR{instance} with the
corresponding \VAR{value}s, and fill those \VAR{initform-slots}
that are not \VAR{initarg-slot}s with the values of their
\kwd{:initform} forms.
}
\IT{\arrGOO{%
(\GFU*{SLOT-MISSING } \VAR{class } \VAR{instance } \VAR{slot }
\xorGOO{%
\kwd{setf}\\
\kwd{slot-boundp}\\
\kwd{slot-makunbound}\\
\kwd{slot-value}}{\}}
\Op{\VAR{value}})\\
(\GFU*{SLOT-UNBOUND } \VAR{class } \VAR{instance } \VAR{slot})}{.}}
{
Called on attempted access to non-existing or unbound
\VAR{slot}. Default methods signal \kwd{error}/\kwd{unbound-slot},
respectively. Not to be called by user.
}
\end{LIST}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection[Generic~Functns]{Generic Functions}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{LIST}{1cm}
\IT{(\FU*{NEXT-METHOD-P})}
{
\retval{\T} if enclosing method has a next method.
}
\IT{(\MC*{DEFGENERIC}
\xorGOO{\VAR{foo}\\ (\kwd{setf} \VAR{ foo})}{\}}
(\OPn{\VAR{required-var}}
\OP{\kwd{\&optional} \xorGOO{%
\VAR{var}\\
(\VAR{var})}{\}^{\!\!*}}}
\OP{\kwd{\&rest} \VAR{var}}
\OP{\kwd{\&key} \xorGOO{%
\VAR{var}\\
(\VAR{var}\XOR(\kwd{:}\VAR{key }
\VAR{var}))}{\}^{\!\!*}} \Op{\kwd{\&allow-other-keys}}})
\orGOO{%
(\kwd{:argument-precedence-order}\RP{\VAR{ required-var}})\\
(\kwd{declare }\RP{(\kwd{optimize}\VAR{ method-selection-optimization})})\\
(\kwd{:documentation } \NEV{\VAR{string}})\\
(\kwd{:generic-function-class}
\VAR{ gf-class}\DF{\kwd{standard-generic-function}})\\
(\kwd{:method-class} \VAR{ method-class}\DF{\kwd{standard-method}})\\
(\kwd{:method-combination}
\VAR{ c-type}\DF{\kwd{standard}} \OPn{\VAR{ c-arg}})\\
\OPn{(\kwd{:method} \VAR{ defmethod-args})}}{\}})}
{
Define or modify \retval{generic function} \VAR{foo}. Remove any
methods previously defined by defgeneric. \VAR{gf-class} and the lambda
paramters \OPn{\VAR{required-var}} and \OPn{\VAR{var}} must be
compatible with existing methods. \VAR{defmethod-args}
resemble those of \MC{defmethod}. For \VAR{c-type} see section
\ref{section:Method Combination Types}.
}
\IT{(\FU*{ENSURE-GENERIC-FUNCTION}
\xorGOO{\VAR{foo}\\ (\kwd{setf} \VAR{ foo})}{\}}
\orGOO{%
\kwd{:argument-precedence-order}\RP{\VAR{ required-var}}\\
\kwd{:declare }(\kwd{optimize}\VAR{ method-selection-optimization})\\
\kwd{:documentation} \VAR{ string}\\
\kwd{:generic-function-class} \VAR{ gf-class}\\
\kwd{:method-class} \VAR{ method-class}\\
\kwd{:method-combination} \VAR{ c-type} \OPn{\VAR{ c-arg}}\\
\kwd{:lambda-list} \VAR{ lambda-list}\\
\kwd{:environment} \VAR{ environment}}{\}})}
{
Define or modify \retval{generic function}
\VAR{foo}. \VAR{gf-class} and \VAR{lambda-list}
must be compatible with a pre-existing generic function or with
existing methods, respectively. Changes to \VAR{method-class} do
not propagate to existing methods. For \VAR{c-type} see section
\ref{section:Method Combination Types}.
}
\IT{(\MC*{DEFMETHOD}
\xorGOO{\VAR{foo}\\
(\kwd{setf} \VAR{ foo})}{\}}
\Op{\xorGOO{\kwd{:before}\\
\kwd{:after}\\
\kwd{:around}\\
\OPn{\VAR{qualifier}}}{\}}\DF{primary method}}
(\xorGOO{\VAR{var}\\
(\VAR{spec-var } \xorGOO{\VAR{class}\\
(\kwd{eql} \VAR{ bar})}{\}})}{\}^{\!\!*}}
\OP{\kwd{\&optional} \xorGOO{\VAR{var}\\
(\VAR{var } \OP{\VAR{init }
\Op{\VAR{supplied-p}}})}{\}^{\!\!*}}}
\Op{\kwd{\&rest} \VAR{var}}
\OP{\kwd{\&key} \xorGOO{\VAR{var}\\
(\xorGOO{\VAR{var}\\
(\kwd{:}\VAR{key }
\VAR{var})}{\}}
\OP{\VAR{init }\Op{\VAR{supplied-p}}})}{\}^{\!\!*}}
\Op{\kwd{\&allow-other-keys}}}
\OP{\kwd{\&aux }\xorGOO{\VAR{var}\\
(\VAR{var } \Op{\VAR{init}})}{\}^{\!\!*}}})
\orGOO{\OPn{(\kwd{declare } \OPn{\NEV{\VAR{decl}}})}\\
\NEV{\VAR{doc}}}{\}}
\PROGN{\VAR{form}})}
{
Define \retval{new method} for generic function
\VAR{foo}. \VAR{spec-var}s specialize to either being of \VAR{class}
or being \kwd{eql} \VAR{bar}, respectively. On invocation, \VAR{var}s and
\VAR{spec-var}s of the \retval{new method}
act like parameters of a function with body
\OPn{\VAR{form}}. \VAR{form}s are enclosed in an implicit \SO{block}
\VAR{foo}. Applicable \VAR{qualifier}s depend on the
\kwd{method-combination} type; see
section \ref{section:Method Combination Types}.
}
\IT{(\xorGOO{\GFU*{ADD-METHOD}\\
\GFU*{REMOVE-METHOD}}{\}} \VAR{generic-function} \VAR{method})}
{
Add (if necessary) or remove (if any) \VAR{method} to/from
\retval{\VAR{generic-function}}.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{FIND-METHOD} \VAR{generic-function} \VAR{qualifiers}
\VAR{specializers} \Op{\VAR{error}\DF{\T}})}
{
Return suitable \retval{method}, or signal \kwd{error}.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{COMPUTE-APPLICABLE-METHODS} \VAR{generic-function}
\VAR{args})}
{
\retval{List of methods} suitable for \VAR{args}, most specific first.
}
\IT{(\FU*{CALL-NEXT-METHOD} \OPn{\VAR{arg}}\DF{current args})}
{
From within a method, call next method with \VAR{arg}s; return
\retval{its values}.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{NO-APPLICABLE-METHOD} \VAR{generic-function}
\OPn{\VAR{arg}})}
{
Called on invocation of \VAR{generic-function} on \VAR{arg}s if
there is no applicable method. Default method signals
\kwd{error}. Not to be called by user.
}
\IT{(\xorGOO{%
\FU*{INVALID-METHOD-ERROR} \VAR{ method}\\
\FU*{METHOD-COMBINATION-ERROR}}{\}}
\VAR{control} \OPn{\VAR{arg}})}
{
Signal \kwd{error} on applicable method with invalid qualifiers, or
on method combination. For \VAR{control} and \VAR{arg}s see
\kwd{format}, page \pageref{section:Format}.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{NO-NEXT-METHOD} \VAR{generic-function}
\VAR{method} \OPn{\VAR{arg}})}
{
Called on invocation of \kwd{call-next-method} when there is no next
method. Default method signals \kwd{error}. Not to be called by
user.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{FUNCTION-KEYWORDS} \VAR{method})}
{
Return list of \retval{keyword parameters} of \VAR{method} and
\retvalii{\T} if other keys are allowed.
}
\IT{(\GFU*{METHOD-QUALIFIERS} \VAR{method})}
{
\retval{List of qualifiers} of \VAR{method}.
}
\end{LIST}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\subsection[Method Combi- nation Types]{Method Combination Types}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\label{section:Method Combination Types}
\begin{LIST}{1cm}
\IT{\kwd*{STANDARD}}
{
Evaluate most specific \kwd{:around} method supplying the values of
the generic function. From within this method, \FU{call-next-method}
can call less specific \kwd{:around} methods if there are any. If
not, or if there are no \kwd{:around} methods at all, call all
\kwd{:before} methods, most specific first, and the most specific
primary method which supplies the values of the calling
\FU{call-next-method} if any, or of the generic function; and which
can call less specific primary methods via
\FU{call-next-method}. After its return, call all \kwd{:after}
methods, least specific first.
}
\IT{\kwd*{AND}\XOR
\kwd*{OR}\XOR
\kwd*{APPEND}\XOR
\kwd*{LIST}\XOR \kwd*{NCONC}\XOR
\kwd*{PROGN}\XOR
\kwd*{MAX}\XOR
\kwd*{MIN}\XOR
\kwd*{+}}
{
Simple built-in \kwd{method-combination} types; have the same
usage as the
\VAR{c-type}s defined by the short form of
\MC{define-method-combination}.
}
\IT{(\MC*{DEFINE-METHOD-COMBINATION} \VAR{c-type}
\orGOO{%
\kwd{:documentation } \NEV{\VAR{string}}\\
\kwd{:identity-with-one-argument} \VAR{ bool}\DF{\NIL}\\
\kwd{:operator} \VAR{ operator}\DF{\VAR{c-type}}}{\}})}
{
\EM{Short Form. } Define new \kwd{method-combination}
\retval{\VAR{c-type}}. In a generic function using \VAR{c-type},
evaluate most specific \kwd{:around} method supplying the values of
the generic function. From within this method, \FU{call-next-method}
can call less specific \kwd{:around} methods if there are any. If
not, or if there are no \kwd{:around} methods at all,
return from the calling \kwd{call-next-method} or from the
generic function, respectively, the
values of (\VAR{operator} \OPn{(\VAR{primary-method}
\OPn{\VAR{gen-arg}})}), \OPn{\VAR{gen-arg}} being the arguments of the
generic function.
The \VAR{primary-method}s are ordered
\OP{\xorGOO{%
\kwd{:most-specific-first}\\
\kwd{:most-specific-last}%
}{\}}\DF{\kwd{:most-specific-first}}}
(specified as \VAR{c-arg} in \MC{defgeneric}).
Using \VAR{c-type} as the \VAR{qualifier} in \MC{defmethod}
makes the method primary.
}
\IT{(\MC*{DEFINE-METHOD-COMBINATION} \VAR{c-type}
(\OPn{\VAR{ord-$\lambda$}})
(\OPn{(\VAR{group} \xorGOO{%
\kwd{\A}\\
(\OPn{\VAR{qualifier}}\text{ } \OP{\kwd{\A}})\\
\VAR{predicate}}{\}}
\orGOO{%
\kwd{:description} \VAR{ control}\\
\kwd{:order }
\xorGOO{\kwd{:most-specific-first}\\
\kwd{:most-specific-last}}{\}}\DF{\kwd{:most-specific-first}}\\
\kwd{:required} \VAR{ bool}}{\}})})
\orGOO{%
(\kwd{:arguments } \OPn{\VAR{method-combination-$\lambda$}})\\
(\kwd{:generic-function} \VAR{ symbol})\\
\OPn{(\kwd{declare } \OPn{\NEV{\VAR{decl}}})}\\
\NEV{\VAR{doc}}}{\}}
\PROGN{\VAR{body}})}
{
\EM{Long Form. } Define new \kwd{method-combination}
\retval{\VAR{c-type}}. A call to a generic function using
\VAR{c-type} will be equivalent to a call to the forms returned by
\OPn{\VAR{body}} with \OPn{\VAR{ord-$\lambda$}} bound to
\OPn{\VAR{c-arg}} (cf.\ \MC{DEFGENERIC}), with \VAR{symbol} bound to
the generic function, with \OPn{\VAR{method-combination-$\lambda$}}
bound to the arguments of the generic function, and with
\VAR{group}s bound to lists of methods. An applicable method becomes
a member of the leftmost \VAR{group} whose \VAR{predicate} or
\VAR{qualifier}s match. Methods can be called via
\MC{CALL-METHOD}. Lambda lists (\OPn{\VAR{ord-$\lambda$}}) and
(\OPn{\VAR{method-combination-$\lambda$}}) according to
\VAR{ord-$\lambda$} on page \pageref{section:Functions}, the latter
enhanced by an optional \kwd{\&whole} argument.
}
\IT{(\MC*{CALL-METHOD} \xorGOO{\NEV{\VAR{method}}\\
(\MC*{MAKE-METHOD}\text{ } \NEV{\VAR{form}})}{\}}%
\OP{(\xorGOO{%
\NEV{\VAR{next-method}}\\
(\MC*{MAKE-METHOD}\text{ } \NEV{\VAR{form}})}{\}^{\!\!*}})})}
{
From within an effective method form, call \VAR{method} with the
arguments of the generic function and
with information about its \VAR{next-method}s; return \retval{its
values}.
}
\end{LIST}
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