[SPARK-47574][INFRA] Introduce Structured Logging Framework

### What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Introduce Structured Logging Framework as per [SPIP: Structured Logging Framework for Apache Spark](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rATVGmFLNVLmtxSpWrEceYm7d-ocgu8ofhryVs4g3XU/edit?usp=sharing) .
* The default logging output format will be json lines. For example
```
{
   "ts":"2023-03-12T12:02:46.661-0700",
   "level":"ERROR",
   "msg":"Cannot determine whether executor 289 is alive or not",
   "context":{
       "executor_id":"289"
   },
   "exception":{
      "class":"org.apache.spark.SparkException",
      "msg":"Exception thrown in awaitResult",
      "stackTrace":"..."
   },
   "source":"BlockManagerMasterEndpoint"
}
```
* Introduce a new configuration `spark.log.structuredLogging.enabled` to set the default log4j configuration. It is true by default. Users can disable it to get plain text log outputs.
* The change will start with the `logError` method. Example changes on the API:
from
```
logError(s"Cannot determine whether executor $executorId is alive or not.", e)
```
to
```
logError(log"Cannot determine whether executor ${MDC(EXECUTOR_ID, executorId)} is alive or not.", e)
```

### Why are the changes needed?

To enhance Apache Spark's logging system by implementing structured logging. This transition will change the format of the default log output from plain text to JSON lines, making it more analyzable.

### Does this PR introduce _any_ user-facing change?

Yes, the default log output format will be json lines instead of plain text. User can restore the default plain text output when disabling configuration `spark.log.structuredLogging.enabled`.
If a user is a customized log4j configuration, there is no changes in the log output.

### How was this patch tested?

New Unit tests

### Was this patch authored or co-authored using generative AI tooling?

Yes, some of the code comments are from github copilot

Closes apache#45729 from gengliangwang/LogInterpolator.

Authored-by: Gengliang Wang <gengliang@apache.org>
Signed-off-by: Gengliang Wang <gengliang@apache.org>

common/utils/pom.xml

@@ -98,6 +98,10 @@
       <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
       <artifactId>log4j-1.2-api</artifactId>
     </dependency>
+    <dependency>
+      <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId>
+      <artifactId>log4j-layout-template-json</artifactId>
+    </dependency>
   </dependencies>
   <build>
     <outputDirectory>target/scala-${scala.binary.version}/classes</outputDirectory>

common/utils/src/main/resources/org/apache/spark/SparkLayout.json

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+{
+  "ts": {
+    "$resolver": "timestamp"
+  },
+  "level": {
+    "$resolver": "level",
+    "field": "name"
+  },
+  "msg": {
+    "$resolver": "message",
+    "stringified": true
+  },
+  "context": {
+    "$resolver": "mdc"
+  },
+  "exception": {
+    "class": {
+      "$resolver": "exception",
+      "field": "className"
+    },
+    "msg": {
+      "$resolver": "exception",
+      "field": "message",
+      "stringified": true
+    },
+    "stacktrace": {
+      "$resolver": "exception",
+      "field": "stackTrace",
+      "stackTrace": {
+        "stringified": true
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "logger": {
+    "$resolver": "logger",
+    "field": "name"
+  }
+}

common/utils/src/main/resources/org/apache/spark/log4j2-defaults.properties

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ rootLogger.appenderRef.stdout.ref = console
 appender.console.type = Console
 appender.console.name = console
 appender.console.target = SYSTEM_ERR
-appender.console.layout.type = PatternLayout
-appender.console.layout.pattern = %d{yy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss} %p %c{1}: %m%n%ex
+appender.console.layout.type = JsonTemplateLayout
+appender.console.layout.eventTemplateUri = classpath:org/apache/spark/SparkLayout.json
 
 # Settings to quiet third party logs that are too verbose
 logger.jetty.name = org.sparkproject.jetty

common/utils/src/main/resources/org/apache/spark/log4j2-pattern-layout-defaults.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+# contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+# The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+# the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+# Set everything to be logged to the console
+rootLogger.level = info
+rootLogger.appenderRef.stdout.ref = console
+
+appender.console.type = Console
+appender.console.name = console
+appender.console.target = SYSTEM_ERR
+appender.console.layout.type = PatternLayout
+appender.console.layout.pattern = %d{yy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss} %p %c{1}: %m%n%ex
+
+# Settings to quiet third party logs that are too verbose
+logger.jetty.name = org.sparkproject.jetty
+logger.jetty.level = warn
+logger.jetty2.name = org.sparkproject.jetty.util.component.AbstractLifeCycle
+logger.jetty2.level = error
+logger.repl1.name = org.apache.spark.repl.SparkIMain$exprTyper
+logger.repl1.level = info
+logger.repl2.name = org.apache.spark.repl.SparkILoop$SparkILoopInterpreter
+logger.repl2.level = info
+
+# Set the default spark-shell log level to WARN. When running the spark-shell, the
+# log level for this class is used to overwrite the root logger's log level, so that
+# the user can have different defaults for the shell and regular Spark apps.
+logger.repl.name = org.apache.spark.repl.Main
+logger.repl.level = warn
+
+# SPARK-9183: Settings to avoid annoying messages when looking up nonexistent UDFs
+# in SparkSQL with Hive support
+logger.metastore.name = org.apache.hadoop.hive.metastore.RetryingHMSHandler
+logger.metastore.level = fatal
+logger.hive_functionregistry.name = org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.FunctionRegistry
+logger.hive_functionregistry.level = error
+
+# Parquet related logging
+logger.parquet.name = org.apache.parquet.CorruptStatistics
+logger.parquet.level = error
+logger.parquet2.name = parquet.CorruptStatistics
+logger.parquet2.level = error

common/utils/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/internal/LogKey.scala

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.spark.internal
+
+/**
+ * Various keys used for mapped diagnostic contexts(MDC) in logging.
+ * All structured logging keys should be defined here for standardization.
+ */
+object LogKey extends Enumeration {
+  val EXECUTOR_ID = Value
+}

common/utils/src/main/scala/org/apache/spark/internal/Logging.scala

@@ -17,9 +17,12 @@
 
 package org.apache.spark.internal
 
+import java.util.Locale
+
 import scala.jdk.CollectionConverters._
 
-import org.apache.logging.log4j.{Level, LogManager}
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.{CloseableThreadContext, Level, LogManager}
+import org.apache.logging.log4j.CloseableThreadContext.Instance
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.{Filter, LifeCycle, LogEvent, Logger => Log4jLogger, LoggerContext}
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.ConsoleAppender
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.config.DefaultConfiguration
@@ -29,6 +32,38 @@ import org.slf4j.{Logger, LoggerFactory}
 import org.apache.spark.internal.Logging.SparkShellLoggingFilter
 import org.apache.spark.util.SparkClassUtils
 
+/**
+ * Mapped Diagnostic Context (MDC) that will be used in log messages.
+ * The values of the MDC will be inline in the log message, while the key-value pairs will be
+ * part of the ThreadContext.
+ */
+case class MDC(key: LogKey.Value, value: String)
+
+/**
+ * Wrapper class for log messages that include a logging context.
+ * This is used as the return type of the string interpolator `LogStringContext`.
+ */
+case class MessageWithContext(message: String, context: Option[Instance])
+
+/**
+ * Companion class for lazy evaluation of the MessageWithContext instance.
+ */
+class LogEntry(messageWithContext: => MessageWithContext) {
+  def message: String = messageWithContext.message
+
+  def context: Option[Instance] = messageWithContext.context
+}
+
+/**
+ * Companion object for the wrapper to enable implicit conversions
+ */
+object LogEntry {
+  import scala.language.implicitConversions
+
+  implicit def from(msgWithCtx: => MessageWithContext): LogEntry =
+    new LogEntry(msgWithCtx)
+}
+
 /**
  * Utility trait for classes that want to log data. Creates a SLF4J logger for the class and allows
  * logging messages at different levels using methods that only evaluate parameters lazily if the
@@ -55,6 +90,33 @@ trait Logging {
     log_
   }
 
+  implicit class LogStringContext(val sc: StringContext) {
+    def log(args: MDC*): MessageWithContext = {
+      val processedParts = sc.parts.iterator
+      val sb = new StringBuilder(processedParts.next())
+      lazy val map = new java.util.HashMap[String, String]()
+
+      args.foreach { mdc =>
+        sb.append(mdc.value)
+        if (Logging.isStructuredLoggingEnabled) {
+          map.put(mdc.key.toString.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT), mdc.value)
+        }
+
+        if (processedParts.hasNext) {
+          sb.append(processedParts.next())
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Create a CloseableThreadContext and apply the context map
+      val closeableContext = if (Logging.isStructuredLoggingEnabled) {
+        Some(CloseableThreadContext.putAll(map))
+      } else {
+        None
+      }
+      MessageWithContext(sb.toString(), closeableContext)
+    }
+  }
+
   // Log methods that take only a String
   protected def logInfo(msg: => String): Unit = {
     if (log.isInfoEnabled) log.info(msg)
@@ -76,6 +138,20 @@ trait Logging {
     if (log.isErrorEnabled) log.error(msg)
   }
 
+  protected def logError(entry: LogEntry): Unit = {
+    if (log.isErrorEnabled) {
+      log.error(entry.message)
+      entry.context.map(_.close())
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected def logError(entry: LogEntry, throwable: Throwable): Unit = {
+    if (log.isErrorEnabled) {
+      log.error(entry.message, throwable)
+      entry.context.map(_.close())
+    }
+  }
+
   // Log methods that take Throwables (Exceptions/Errors) too
   protected def logInfo(msg: => String, throwable: Throwable): Unit = {
     if (log.isInfoEnabled) log.info(msg, throwable)
@@ -132,7 +208,11 @@ trait Logging {
       // scalastyle:off println
       if (Logging.islog4j2DefaultConfigured()) {
         Logging.defaultSparkLog4jConfig = true
-        val defaultLogProps = "org/apache/spark/log4j2-defaults.properties"
+        val defaultLogProps = if (Logging.isStructuredLoggingEnabled) {
+          "org/apache/spark/log4j2-defaults.properties"
+        } else {
+          "org/apache/spark/log4j2-pattern-layout-defaults.properties"
+        }
         Option(SparkClassUtils.getSparkClassLoader.getResource(defaultLogProps)) match {
           case Some(url) =>
             val context = LogManager.getContext(false).asInstanceOf[LoggerContext]
@@ -190,6 +270,7 @@ private[spark] object Logging {
   @volatile private var initialized = false
   @volatile private var defaultRootLevel: Level = null
   @volatile private var defaultSparkLog4jConfig = false
+  @volatile private var structuredLoggingEnabled = true
   @volatile private[spark] var sparkShellThresholdLevel: Level = null
   @volatile private[spark] var setLogLevelPrinted: Boolean = false
 
@@ -259,6 +340,26 @@ private[spark] object Logging {
           .getConfiguration.isInstanceOf[DefaultConfiguration])
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Enable Structured logging framework.
+   */
+  private[spark] def enableStructuredLogging(): Unit = {
+    structuredLoggingEnabled = true
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Disable Structured logging framework.
+   */
+  private[spark] def disableStructuredLogging(): Unit = {
+    structuredLoggingEnabled = false
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return true if Structured logging framework is enabled.
+   */
+  private[spark] def isStructuredLoggingEnabled: Boolean = {
+    structuredLoggingEnabled
+  }
 
   private[spark] class SparkShellLoggingFilter extends AbstractFilter {
     private var status = LifeCycle.State.INITIALIZING

common/utils/src/test/resources/log4j2.properties

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+# contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+# The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+# the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+rootLogger.level = info
+rootLogger.appenderRef.file.ref = ${sys:test.appender:-File}
+
+appender.file.type = File
+appender.file.name = File
+appender.file.fileName = target/unit-tests.log
+appender.file.layout.type = JsonTemplateLayout
+appender.file.layout.eventTemplateUri = classpath:org/apache/spark/SparkLayout.json
+
+# Structured Logging Appender
+appender.structured.type = File
+appender.structured.name = structured
+appender.structured.fileName = target/structured.log
+appender.structured.layout.type = JsonTemplateLayout
+appender.structured.layout.eventTemplateUri = classpath:org/apache/spark/SparkLayout.json
+
+# Pattern Logging Appender
+appender.pattern.type = File
+appender.pattern.name = pattern
+appender.pattern.fileName = target/pattern.log
+appender.pattern.layout.type = PatternLayout
+appender.pattern.layout.pattern = %d{yy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss} %p %c{1}: %m%n%ex
+
+# Custom loggers
+logger.structured.name = org.apache.spark.util.StructuredLoggingSuite
+logger.structured.level = info
+logger.structured.appenderRefs = structured
+logger.structured.appenderRef.structured.ref = structured
+
+logger.pattern.name = org.apache.spark.util.PatternLoggingSuite
+logger.pattern.level = info
+logger.pattern.appenderRefs = pattern
+logger.pattern.appenderRef.pattern.ref = pattern