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This tutorial shows an example of how to mitigate noise on IBMQ backends.
import qiskit
from qiskit.test.ibmq_mock import mock_get_backend
from qiskit_aer import Aer
from qiskit_ibm_provider import IBMProvider
from mitiq import zne
from mitiq.interface.mitiq_qiskit.qiskit_utils import initialized_depolarizing_noise
Note: If USE_REAL_HARDWARE is set to False, a classically simulated noisy backend is used instead of a real quantum computer.
USE_REAL_HARDWARE = False
+++
For simplicity, we'll use a random single-qubit circuit with ten gates that compiles to the identity, defined below.
qreg, creg = qiskit.QuantumRegister(1), qiskit.ClassicalRegister(1)
circuit = qiskit.QuantumCircuit(qreg, creg)
for _ in range(10):
circuit.x(qreg)
circuit.measure(qreg, creg)
print(circuit)
We will use the probability of the ground state as our observable to mitigate, the expectation value of which should evaluate to one in the noiseless setting.
To use Mitiq with just a few lines of code, we simply need to define a function which inputs a circuit and outputs the expectation value to mitigate. This function will:
- [Optionally] Add measurement(s) to the circuit.
- Run the circuit.
- Convert from raw measurement statistics (or a different output format) to an expectation value.
We define this function in the following code block. Because we are using IBMQ backends, we first load our account.
+++
Note: Using an IBM quantum computer requires a valid IBMQ account. See https://quantum-computing.ibm.com/ for instructions to create an account, save credentials, and see online quantum computers.
if IBMProvider.saved_accounts() and USE_REAL_HARDWARE:
provider = IBMProvider()
backend = provider.get_backend("ibmq_qasm_simulator") # Set quantum computer here!
else:
# Default to a simulator.
backend = Aer.get_backend("qasm_simulator"),
def ibmq_executor(circuit: qiskit.QuantumCircuit, shots: int = 8192) -> float:
"""Returns the expectation value to be mitigated.
Args:
circuit: Circuit to run.
shots: Number of times to execute the circuit to compute the expectation value.
"""
if USE_REAL_HARDWARE:
# Run the circuit on hardware
job = qiskit.execute(
experiments=circuit,
backend=backend,
optimization_level=0, # Important to preserve folded gates.
shots=shots
)
else:
# Simulate the circuit with noise
noise_model = initialized_depolarizing_noise(noise_level=0.02)
job = qiskit.execute(
experiments=circuit,
backend=Aer.get_backend("qasm_simulator"),
noise_model=noise_model,
basis_gates=noise_model.basis_gates,
optimization_level=0, # Important to preserve folded gates.
shots=shots,
)
# Convert from raw measurement counts to the expectation value
counts = job.result().get_counts()
if counts.get("0") is None:
expectation_value = 0.
else:
expectation_value = counts.get("0") / shots
return expectation_value
At this point, the circuit can be executed to return a mitigated expectation value by running {func}zne.execute_with_zne,
as follows.
unmitigated = ibmq_executor(circuit)
mitigated = zne.execute_with_zne(circuit, ibmq_executor)
print(f"Unmitigated result {unmitigated:.3f}")
print(f"Mitigated result {mitigated:.3f}")
As long as a circuit and a function for executing the circuit are defined, the {func}zne.execute_with_zne function can
be called as above to return zero-noise extrapolated expectation value(s).
Different options for noise scaling and extrapolation can be passed into the {func}zne.execute_with_zne function.
By default, noise is scaled by locally folding gates at random, and the default extrapolation is Richardson.
To specify a different extrapolation technique, we can pass a different {class}.Factory object to {func}zne.execute_with_zne. The
following code block shows an example of using linear extrapolation with five different (noise) scale factors.
linear_factory = zne.inference.LinearFactory(scale_factors=[1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0])
mitigated = zne.execute_with_zne(circuit, ibmq_executor, factory=linear_factory)
print(f"Mitigated result {mitigated:.3f}")
To specify a different noise scaling method, we can pass a different function for the argument scale_noise. This
function should input a circuit and scale factor and return a circuit. The following code block shows an example of
scaling noise by global folding (instead of local folding, the default behavior for
{func}zne.execute_with_zne).
mitigated = zne.execute_with_zne(circuit, ibmq_executor, scale_noise=zne.scaling.fold_global)
print(f"Mitigated result {mitigated:.3f}")
Any different combination of noise scaling and extrapolation technique can be passed as arguments to
{func}zne.execute_with_zne.
Here, we give more detailed usage of the Mitiq library which mimics what happens in the call to
{func}zne.execute_with_zne in the previous example. In addition to showing more of the Mitiq library, this
example explains the code in the previous section in more detail.
First, we define factors to scale the circuit length by and fold the circuit using the fold_gates_at_random
local folding method.
scale_factors = [1., 1.5, 2., 2.5, 3.]
folded_circuits = [
zne.scaling.fold_gates_at_random(circuit, scale)
for scale in scale_factors
]
# Check that the circuit depth is (approximately) scaled as expected
for j, c in enumerate(folded_circuits):
print(f"Number of gates of folded circuit {j} scaled by: {len(c) / len(circuit):.3f}")
For a noiseless simulation, the expectation of this observable should be 1.0 because our circuit compiles to the identity. For a noisy simulation, the value will be smaller than one. Because folding introduces more gates and thus more noise, the expectation value will decrease as the length (scale factor) of the folded circuits increase. By fitting this to a curve, we can extrapolate to the zero-noise limit and obtain a better estimate.
Below we execute the folded circuits using the backend defined at the start of this example.
shots = 8192
if USE_REAL_HARDWARE:
# Run the circuit on hardware
job = qiskit.execute(
experiments=folded_circuits,
backend=backend,
optimization_level=0, # Important to preserve folded gates.
shots=shots
)
else:
# Simulate the circuit with noise
noise_model = initialized_depolarizing_noise(noise_level=0.05)
job = qiskit.execute(
experiments=folded_circuits,
backend=Aer.get_backend("qasm_simulator"),
noise_model=noise_model,
basis_gates=noise_model.basis_gates,
optimization_level=0, # Important to preserve folded gates.
shots=shots,
)
Note: We set the optimization_level=0 to prevent any compilation by Qiskit transpilers.
Once the job has finished executing, we can convert the raw measurement statistics to observable values by running the following code block.
all_counts = [job.result().get_counts(i) for i in range(len(folded_circuits))]
expectation_values = [counts.get("0") / shots for counts in all_counts]
print(f"Expectation values:\n{expectation_values}")
We can now see the unmitigated observable value by printing the first element of expectation_values. (This value
corresponds to a circuit with scale factor one, i.e., the original circuit.)
print("Unmitigated expectation value:", round(expectation_values[0], 3))
Now we can use the static extrapolate method of {class}zne.inference.Factory objects to extrapolate to the zero-noise limit. Below we use an exponential fit and print out the extrapolated zero-noise value.
zero_noise_value = zne.ExpFactory.extrapolate(scale_factors, expectation_values, asymptote=0.5)
print(f"Extrapolated zero-noise value:", round(zero_noise_value, 3))