file.go

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors.  All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Package elf implements access to ELF object files.
package elf

import (
	"bytes"
	"debug/dwarf"
	"encoding/binary"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"os"
)

// TODO: error reporting detail

/*
 * Internal ELF representation
 */

// A FileHeader represents an ELF file header.
type FileHeader struct {
	Class      Class
	Data       Data
	Version    Version
	OSABI      OSABI
	ABIVersion uint8
	ByteOrder  binary.ByteOrder
	Type       Type
	Machine    Machine
	Entry      uint64
}

// A File represents an open ELF file.
type File struct {
	FileHeader
	Sections  []*Section
	Progs     []*Prog
	closer    io.Closer
	gnuNeed   []verneed
	gnuVersym []byte
}

// A SectionHeader represents a single ELF section header.
type SectionHeader struct {
	Name      string
	Type      SectionType
	Flags     SectionFlag
	Addr      uint64
	Offset    uint64
	Size      uint64
	Link      uint32
	Info      uint32
	Addralign uint64
	Entsize   uint64
}

// A Section represents a single section in an ELF file.
type Section struct {
	SectionHeader

	// Embed ReaderAt for ReadAt method.
	// Do not embed SectionReader directly
	// to avoid having Read and Seek.
	// If a client wants Read and Seek it must use
	// Open() to avoid fighting over the seek offset
	// with other clients.
	io.ReaderAt
	sr *io.SectionReader
}

// Data reads and returns the contents of the ELF section.
func (s *Section) Data() ([]byte, error) {
	dat := make([]byte, s.sr.Size())
	n, err := s.sr.ReadAt(dat, 0)
	return dat[0:n], err
}

// stringTable reads and returns the string table given by the
// specified link value.
func (f *File) stringTable(link uint32) ([]byte, error) {
	if link <= 0 || link >= uint32(len(f.Sections)) {
		return nil, errors.New("section has invalid string table link")
	}
	return f.Sections[link].Data()
}

// Open returns a new ReadSeeker reading the ELF section.
func (s *Section) Open() io.ReadSeeker { return io.NewSectionReader(s.sr, 0, 1<<63-1) }

// A ProgHeader represents a single ELF program header.
type ProgHeader struct {
	Type   ProgType
	Flags  ProgFlag
	Off    uint64
	Vaddr  uint64
	Paddr  uint64
	Filesz uint64
	Memsz  uint64
	Align  uint64
}

// A Prog represents a single ELF program header in an ELF binary.
type Prog struct {
	ProgHeader

	// Embed ReaderAt for ReadAt method.
	// Do not embed SectionReader directly
	// to avoid having Read and Seek.
	// If a client wants Read and Seek it must use
	// Open() to avoid fighting over the seek offset
	// with other clients.
	io.ReaderAt
	sr *io.SectionReader
}

// Open returns a new ReadSeeker reading the ELF program body.
func (p *Prog) Open() io.ReadSeeker { return io.NewSectionReader(p.sr, 0, 1<<63-1) }

// A Symbol represents an entry in an ELF symbol table section.
type Symbol struct {
	Name        string
	Info, Other byte
	Section     SectionIndex
	Value, Size uint64
}

/*
 * ELF reader
 */

type FormatError struct {
	off int64
	msg string
	val interface{}
}

func (e *FormatError) Error() string {
	msg := e.msg
	if e.val != nil {
		msg += fmt.Sprintf(" '%v' ", e.val)
	}
	msg += fmt.Sprintf("in record at byte %#x", e.off)
	return msg
}

// Open opens the named file using os.Open and prepares it for use as an ELF binary.
func Open(name string) (*File, error) {
	f, err := os.Open(name)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	ff, err := NewFile(f)
	if err != nil {
		f.Close()
		return nil, err
	}
	ff.closer = f
	return ff, nil
}

// Close closes the File.
// If the File was created using NewFile directly instead of Open,
// Close has no effect.
func (f *File) Close() error {
	var err error
	if f.closer != nil {
		err = f.closer.Close()
		f.closer = nil
	}
	return err
}

// SectionByType returns the first section in f with the
// given type, or nil if there is no such section.
func (f *File) SectionByType(typ SectionType) *Section {
	for _, s := range f.Sections {
		if s.Type == typ {
			return s
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// NewFile creates a new File for accessing an ELF binary in an underlying reader.
// The ELF binary is expected to start at position 0 in the ReaderAt.
func NewFile(r io.ReaderAt) (*File, error) {
	sr := io.NewSectionReader(r, 0, 1<<63-1)
	// Read and decode ELF identifier
	var ident [16]uint8
	if _, err := r.ReadAt(ident[0:], 0); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if ident[0] != '\x7f' || ident[1] != 'E' || ident[2] != 'L' || ident[3] != 'F' {
		return nil, &FormatError{0, "bad magic number", ident[0:4]}
	}

	f := new(File)
	f.Class = Class(ident[EI_CLASS])
	switch f.Class {
	case ELFCLASS32:
	case ELFCLASS64:
		// ok
	default:
		return nil, &FormatError{0, "unknown ELF class", f.Class}
	}

	f.Data = Data(ident[EI_DATA])
	switch f.Data {
	case ELFDATA2LSB:
		f.ByteOrder = binary.LittleEndian
	case ELFDATA2MSB:
		f.ByteOrder = binary.BigEndian
	default:
		return nil, &FormatError{0, "unknown ELF data encoding", f.Data}
	}

	f.Version = Version(ident[EI_VERSION])
	if f.Version != EV_CURRENT {
		return nil, &FormatError{0, "unknown ELF version", f.Version}
	}

	f.OSABI = OSABI(ident[EI_OSABI])
	f.ABIVersion = ident[EI_ABIVERSION]

	// Read ELF file header
	var phoff int64
	var phentsize, phnum int
	var shoff int64
	var shentsize, shnum, shstrndx int
	shstrndx = -1
	switch f.Class {
	case ELFCLASS32:
		hdr := new(Header32)
		sr.Seek(0, os.SEEK_SET)
		if err := binary.Read(sr, f.ByteOrder, hdr); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		f.Type = Type(hdr.Type)
		f.Machine = Machine(hdr.Machine)
		f.Entry = uint64(hdr.Entry)
		if v := Version(hdr.Version); v != f.Version {
			return nil, &FormatError{0, "mismatched ELF version", v}
		}
		phoff = int64(hdr.Phoff)
		phentsize = int(hdr.Phentsize)
		phnum = int(hdr.Phnum)
		shoff = int64(hdr.Shoff)
		shentsize = int(hdr.Shentsize)
		shnum = int(hdr.Shnum)
		shstrndx = int(hdr.Shstrndx)
	case ELFCLASS64:
		hdr := new(Header64)
		sr.Seek(0, os.SEEK_SET)
		if err := binary.Read(sr, f.ByteOrder, hdr); err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		f.Type = Type(hdr.Type)
		f.Machine = Machine(hdr.Machine)
		f.Entry = uint64(hdr.Entry)
		if v := Version(hdr.Version); v != f.Version {
			return nil, &FormatError{0, "mismatched ELF version", v}
		}
		phoff = int64(hdr.Phoff)
		phentsize = int(hdr.Phentsize)
		phnum = int(hdr.Phnum)
		shoff = int64(hdr.Shoff)
		shentsize = int(hdr.Shentsize)
		shnum = int(hdr.Shnum)
		shstrndx = int(hdr.Shstrndx)
	}

	if shnum > 0 && shoff > 0 && (shstrndx < 0 || shstrndx >= shnum) {
		return nil, &FormatError{0, "invalid ELF shstrndx", shstrndx}
	}

	// Read program headers
	f.Progs = make([]*Prog, phnum)
	for i := 0; i < phnum; i++ {
		off := phoff + int64(i)*int64(phentsize)
		sr.Seek(off, os.SEEK_SET)
		p := new(Prog)
		switch f.Class {
		case ELFCLASS32:
			ph := new(Prog32)
			if err := binary.Read(sr, f.ByteOrder, ph); err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			p.ProgHeader = ProgHeader{
				Type:   ProgType(ph.Type),
				Flags:  ProgFlag(ph.Flags),
				Off:    uint64(ph.Off),
				Vaddr:  uint64(ph.Vaddr),
				Paddr:  uint64(ph.Paddr),
				Filesz: uint64(ph.Filesz),
				Memsz:  uint64(ph.Memsz),
				Align:  uint64(ph.Align),
			}
		case ELFCLASS64:
			ph := new(Prog64)
			if err := binary.Read(sr, f.ByteOrder, ph); err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			p.ProgHeader = ProgHeader{
				Type:   ProgType(ph.Type),
				Flags:  ProgFlag(ph.Flags),
				Off:    uint64(ph.Off),
				Vaddr:  uint64(ph.Vaddr),
				Paddr:  uint64(ph.Paddr),
				Filesz: uint64(ph.Filesz),
				Memsz:  uint64(ph.Memsz),
				Align:  uint64(ph.Align),
			}
		}
		p.sr = io.NewSectionReader(r, int64(p.Off), int64(p.Filesz))
		p.ReaderAt = p.sr
		f.Progs[i] = p
	}

	// Read section headers
	f.Sections = make([]*Section, shnum)
	names := make([]uint32, shnum)
	for i := 0; i < shnum; i++ {
		off := shoff + int64(i)*int64(shentsize)
		sr.Seek(off, os.SEEK_SET)
		s := new(Section)
		switch f.Class {
		case ELFCLASS32:
			sh := new(Section32)
			if err := binary.Read(sr, f.ByteOrder, sh); err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			names[i] = sh.Name
			s.SectionHeader = SectionHeader{
				Type:      SectionType(sh.Type),
				Flags:     SectionFlag(sh.Flags),
				Addr:      uint64(sh.Addr),
				Offset:    uint64(sh.Off),
				Size:      uint64(sh.Size),
				Link:      uint32(sh.Link),
				Info:      uint32(sh.Info),
				Addralign: uint64(sh.Addralign),
				Entsize:   uint64(sh.Entsize),
			}
		case ELFCLASS64:
			sh := new(Section64)
			if err := binary.Read(sr, f.ByteOrder, sh); err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			names[i] = sh.Name
			s.SectionHeader = SectionHeader{
				Type:      SectionType(sh.Type),
				Flags:     SectionFlag(sh.Flags),
				Offset:    uint64(sh.Off),
				Size:      uint64(sh.Size),
				Addr:      uint64(sh.Addr),
				Link:      uint32(sh.Link),
				Info:      uint32(sh.Info),
				Addralign: uint64(sh.Addralign),
				Entsize:   uint64(sh.Entsize),
			}
		}
		s.sr = io.NewSectionReader(r, int64(s.Offset), int64(s.Size))
		s.ReaderAt = s.sr
		f.Sections[i] = s
	}

	if len(f.Sections) == 0 {
		return f, nil
	}

	// Load section header string table.
	shstrtab, err := f.Sections[shstrndx].Data()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	for i, s := range f.Sections {
		var ok bool
		s.Name, ok = getString(shstrtab, int(names[i]))
		if !ok {
			return nil, &FormatError{shoff + int64(i*shentsize), "bad section name index", names[i]}
		}
	}

	return f, nil
}

// getSymbols returns a slice of Symbols from parsing the symbol table
// with the given type, along with the associated string table.
func (f *File) getSymbols(typ SectionType) ([]Symbol, []byte, error) {
	switch f.Class {
	case ELFCLASS64:
		return f.getSymbols64(typ)

	case ELFCLASS32:
		return f.getSymbols32(typ)
	}

	return nil, nil, errors.New("not implemented")
}

func (f *File) getSymbols32(typ SectionType) ([]Symbol, []byte, error) {
	symtabSection := f.SectionByType(typ)
	if symtabSection == nil {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("no symbol section")
	}

	data, err := symtabSection.Data()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("cannot load symbol section")
	}
	symtab := bytes.NewBuffer(data)
	if symtab.Len()%Sym32Size != 0 {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("length of symbol section is not a multiple of SymSize")
	}

	strdata, err := f.stringTable(symtabSection.Link)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("cannot load string table section")
	}

	// The first entry is all zeros.
	var skip [Sym32Size]byte
	symtab.Read(skip[:])

	symbols := make([]Symbol, symtab.Len()/Sym32Size)

	i := 0
	var sym Sym32
	for symtab.Len() > 0 {
		binary.Read(symtab, f.ByteOrder, &sym)
		str, _ := getString(strdata, int(sym.Name))
		symbols[i].Name = str
		symbols[i].Info = sym.Info
		symbols[i].Other = sym.Other
		symbols[i].Section = SectionIndex(sym.Shndx)
		symbols[i].Value = uint64(sym.Value)
		symbols[i].Size = uint64(sym.Size)
		i++
	}

	return symbols, strdata, nil
}

func (f *File) getSymbols64(typ SectionType) ([]Symbol, []byte, error) {
	symtabSection := f.SectionByType(typ)
	if symtabSection == nil {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("no symbol section")
	}

	data, err := symtabSection.Data()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("cannot load symbol section")
	}
	symtab := bytes.NewBuffer(data)
	if symtab.Len()%Sym64Size != 0 {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("length of symbol section is not a multiple of Sym64Size")
	}

	strdata, err := f.stringTable(symtabSection.Link)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, errors.New("cannot load string table section")
	}

	// The first entry is all zeros.
	var skip [Sym64Size]byte
	symtab.Read(skip[:])

	symbols := make([]Symbol, symtab.Len()/Sym64Size)

	i := 0
	var sym Sym64
	for symtab.Len() > 0 {
		binary.Read(symtab, f.ByteOrder, &sym)
		str, _ := getString(strdata, int(sym.Name))
		symbols[i].Name = str
		symbols[i].Info = sym.Info
		symbols[i].Other = sym.Other
		symbols[i].Section = SectionIndex(sym.Shndx)
		symbols[i].Value = sym.Value
		symbols[i].Size = sym.Size
		i++
	}

	return symbols, strdata, nil
}

// getString extracts a string from an ELF string table.
func getString(section []byte, start int) (string, bool) {
	if start < 0 || start >= len(section) {
		return "", false
	}

	for end := start; end < len(section); end++ {
		if section[end] == 0 {
			return string(section[start:end]), true
		}
	}
	return "", false
}

// Section returns a section with the given name, or nil if no such
// section exists.
func (f *File) Section(name string) *Section {
	for _, s := range f.Sections {
		if s.Name == name {
			return s
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// applyRelocations applies relocations to dst. rels is a relocations section
// in RELA format.
func (f *File) applyRelocations(dst []byte, rels []byte) error {
	if f.Class == ELFCLASS64 && f.Machine == EM_X86_64 {
		return f.applyRelocationsAMD64(dst, rels)
	}

	return errors.New("not implemented")
}

func (f *File) applyRelocationsAMD64(dst []byte, rels []byte) error {
	if len(rels)%Sym64Size != 0 {
		return errors.New("length of relocation section is not a multiple of Sym64Size")
	}

	symbols, _, err := f.getSymbols(SHT_SYMTAB)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	b := bytes.NewBuffer(rels)
	var rela Rela64

	for b.Len() > 0 {
		binary.Read(b, f.ByteOrder, &rela)
		symNo := rela.Info >> 32
		t := R_X86_64(rela.Info & 0xffff)

		if symNo == 0 || symNo > uint64(len(symbols)) {
			continue
		}
		sym := &symbols[symNo-1]
		if SymType(sym.Info&0xf) != STT_SECTION {
			// We don't handle non-section relocations for now.
			continue
		}

		switch t {
		case R_X86_64_64:
			if rela.Off+8 >= uint64(len(dst)) || rela.Addend < 0 {
				continue
			}
			f.ByteOrder.PutUint64(dst[rela.Off:rela.Off+8], uint64(rela.Addend))
		case R_X86_64_32:
			if rela.Off+4 >= uint64(len(dst)) || rela.Addend < 0 {
				continue
			}
			f.ByteOrder.PutUint32(dst[rela.Off:rela.Off+4], uint32(rela.Addend))
		}
	}

	return nil
}

func (f *File) DWARF() (*dwarf.Data, error) {
	// There are many other DWARF sections, but these
	// are the required ones, and the debug/dwarf package
	// does not use the others, so don't bother loading them.
	var names = [...]string{"abbrev", "info", "str"}
	var dat [len(names)][]byte
	for i, name := range names {
		name = ".debug_" + name
		s := f.Section(name)
		if s == nil {
			continue
		}
		b, err := s.Data()
		if err != nil && uint64(len(b)) < s.Size {
			return nil, err
		}
		dat[i] = b
	}

	// If there's a relocation table for .debug_info, we have to process it
	// now otherwise the data in .debug_info is invalid for x86-64 objects.
	rela := f.Section(".rela.debug_info")
	if rela != nil && rela.Type == SHT_RELA && f.Machine == EM_X86_64 {
		data, err := rela.Data()
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		err = f.applyRelocations(dat[1], data)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	abbrev, info, str := dat[0], dat[1], dat[2]
	return dwarf.New(abbrev, nil, nil, info, nil, nil, nil, str)
}

// Symbols returns the symbol table for f.
//
// For compatibility with Go 1.0, Symbols omits the null symbol at index 0.
// After retrieving the symbols as symtab, an externally supplied index x
// corresponds to symtab[x-1], not symtab[x].
func (f *File) Symbols() ([]Symbol, error) {
	sym, _, err := f.getSymbols(SHT_SYMTAB)
	return sym, err
}

type ImportedSymbol struct {
	Name    string
	Version string
	Library string
}

// ImportedSymbols returns the names of all symbols
// referred to by the binary f that are expected to be
// satisfied by other libraries at dynamic load time.
// It does not return weak symbols.
func (f *File) ImportedSymbols() ([]ImportedSymbol, error) {
	sym, str, err := f.getSymbols(SHT_DYNSYM)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	f.gnuVersionInit(str)
	var all []ImportedSymbol
	for i, s := range sym {
		if ST_BIND(s.Info) == STB_GLOBAL && s.Section == SHN_UNDEF {
			all = append(all, ImportedSymbol{Name: s.Name})
			f.gnuVersion(i, &all[len(all)-1])
		}
	}
	return all, nil
}

type verneed struct {
	File string
	Name string
}

// gnuVersionInit parses the GNU version tables
// for use by calls to gnuVersion.
func (f *File) gnuVersionInit(str []byte) {
	// Accumulate verneed information.
	vn := f.SectionByType(SHT_GNU_VERNEED)
	if vn == nil {
		return
	}
	d, _ := vn.Data()

	var need []verneed
	i := 0
	for {
		if i+16 > len(d) {
			break
		}
		vers := f.ByteOrder.Uint16(d[i : i+2])
		if vers != 1 {
			break
		}
		cnt := f.ByteOrder.Uint16(d[i+2 : i+4])
		fileoff := f.ByteOrder.Uint32(d[i+4 : i+8])
		aux := f.ByteOrder.Uint32(d[i+8 : i+12])
		next := f.ByteOrder.Uint32(d[i+12 : i+16])
		file, _ := getString(str, int(fileoff))

		var name string
		j := i + int(aux)
		for c := 0; c < int(cnt); c++ {
			if j+16 > len(d) {
				break
			}
			// hash := f.ByteOrder.Uint32(d[j:j+4])
			// flags := f.ByteOrder.Uint16(d[j+4:j+6])
			other := f.ByteOrder.Uint16(d[j+6 : j+8])
			nameoff := f.ByteOrder.Uint32(d[j+8 : j+12])
			next := f.ByteOrder.Uint32(d[j+12 : j+16])
			name, _ = getString(str, int(nameoff))
			ndx := int(other)
			if ndx >= len(need) {
				a := make([]verneed, 2*(ndx+1))
				copy(a, need)
				need = a
			}

			need[ndx] = verneed{file, name}
			if next == 0 {
				break
			}
			j += int(next)
		}

		if next == 0 {
			break
		}
		i += int(next)
	}

	// Versym parallels symbol table, indexing into verneed.
	vs := f.SectionByType(SHT_GNU_VERSYM)
	if vs == nil {
		return
	}
	d, _ = vs.Data()

	f.gnuNeed = need
	f.gnuVersym = d
}

// gnuVersion adds Library and Version information to sym,
// which came from offset i of the symbol table.
func (f *File) gnuVersion(i int, sym *ImportedSymbol) {
	// Each entry is two bytes.
	i = (i + 1) * 2
	if i >= len(f.gnuVersym) {
		return
	}
	j := int(f.ByteOrder.Uint16(f.gnuVersym[i:]))
	if j < 2 || j >= len(f.gnuNeed) {
		return
	}
	n := &f.gnuNeed[j]
	sym.Library = n.File
	sym.Version = n.Name
}

// ImportedLibraries returns the names of all libraries
// referred to by the binary f that are expected to be
// linked with the binary at dynamic link time.
func (f *File) ImportedLibraries() ([]string, error) {
	return f.DynString(DT_NEEDED)
}

// DynString returns the strings listed for the given tag in the file's dynamic
// section.
//
// The tag must be one that takes string values: DT_NEEDED, DT_SONAME, DT_RPATH, or
// DT_RUNPATH.
func (f *File) DynString(tag DynTag) ([]string, error) {
	switch tag {
	case DT_NEEDED, DT_SONAME, DT_RPATH, DT_RUNPATH:
	default:
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("non-string-valued tag %v", tag)
	}
	ds := f.SectionByType(SHT_DYNAMIC)
	if ds == nil {
		// not dynamic, so no libraries
		return nil, nil
	}
	d, err := ds.Data()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	str, err := f.stringTable(ds.Link)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	var all []string
	for len(d) > 0 {
		var t DynTag
		var v uint64
		switch f.Class {
		case ELFCLASS32:
			t = DynTag(f.ByteOrder.Uint32(d[0:4]))
			v = uint64(f.ByteOrder.Uint32(d[4:8]))
			d = d[8:]
		case ELFCLASS64:
			t = DynTag(f.ByteOrder.Uint64(d[0:8]))
			v = f.ByteOrder.Uint64(d[8:16])
			d = d[16:]
		}
		if t == tag {
			s, ok := getString(str, int(v))
			if ok {
				all = append(all, s)
			}
		}
	}
	return all, nil
}