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latexhelp.txt
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*latexhelp.txt* For Vim version 6.0. Last change: 2001 Dec 20
LATEX HELP 1.6
translated (with minor changes) for vim
by Mikolaj Machowski
This file documents LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. LaTeX2e is a
macro package for TeX.
This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation, and is for the Texinfo
that is distributed as part of Version 19 of GNU Emacs. It uses version
2.134 or later of the texinfo.tex input file.
This is translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The
pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston
State University.
The LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore <stg@dcs.ed.ac.uk>.
The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen
<bullestock@dk-online.dk>.
Version for vim of this manual was written by Mikolaj Machowski
<mikmach@wp.pl>
Copyright 1988,1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright 1994-1996
Torsten Martinsen. Copyright for `translation' for vim Mikolaj Machowski 2001.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual
provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on
all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire
resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission
notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that the sections entitled "Distribution" and "General Public
License" may be included in a translation approved by the author instead of
in the original English.
==============================================================================
*LaTeX* *latex*
The LaTeX command typesets a file of text using the TeX program and the LaTeX
Macro package for TeX. To be more specific, it processes an input file
containing the text of a document with interspersed commands that describe how
the text should be formatted.
1. Commands |latex-commands|
2. Counters |latex-counters|
3. Cross References |latex-references|
4. Definitions |latex-definitions|
5. Document Classes |latex-classes|
6. Layout |latex-layout|
7. Environments |latex-environments|
8. Footnotes |latex-footnotes|
9. Lengths |latex-lengths|
10. Letters |latex-letters|
11. Line & Page Breaking |latex-breaking|
12. Making Paragraphs |latex-paragraphs|
13. Margin Notes |latex-margin-notes|
14. Math Formulae |latex-math|
15. Modes |latex-modes|
16. Page Styles |latex-page-styles|
17. Sectioning |latex-sectioning|
18. Spaces & Boxes |latex-spaces-boxes|
19. Special Characters |latex-special-char|
20. Splitting the Input |latex-inputting|
21. Starting & Ending |latex-start-end|
22. Table of Contents |latex-toc|
23. Terminal Input/Output |latex-terminal|
24. Typefaces |latex-typefaces|
25. Parameters |latex-parameters|
==============================================================================
1. Commands *latex-commands*
A LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \ followed
by either
(a) a string of letters or
(b) a single non-letter.
Arguments contained in square brackets, [], are optional while arguments
contained in braces, {}, are required.
NOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless
explicitly directed to do otherwise.
==============================================================================
2. Counters *latex-counters*
|\addtocounter| Add a quantity to a counter
|\alph| Print value of a counter using letters
|\arabic| Print value of a counter using numerals
|\fnsymbol| Print value of a counter using symbols
|\newcounter| Define a new counter
|\refstepcounter| Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters
|\roman| Print value of a counter using roman numerals
|\setcounter| Set the value of a counter
|\stepcounter| Add to counter, resetting subsidiary counters
|\usecounter| Use a specified counter in a list environment
|\value| Use the value of a counter in an expression
Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name of
the counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that
produces the number, except with no |\\|. (|lc-enumi| - |lc-enumiv| are used
for the nested |\enumerate| environment.) Below is a list of the counters
used in LaTeX's standard document classes to control numbering.
|part| |paragraph| |figure| |enumi| |itemi|
|chapter| |subparagraph| |table| |enumii| |itemii|
|section| |page| |footnote| |enumiii| |itemiii|
|subsection| |equation| |mpfootnote| |enumiv| |itemiv|
|subsubsection|
\addtocounter{counter}{value} *\addtocounter*
Increments the {counter} by the amount specified by the
{value} argument. The {value} argument can be negative.
\alph{counter} *\alph* *\Alph*
\Alph{counter}
This command causes the value of the counter to be printed in
alphabetic characters. |\alph| command uses lower case
alphabetic alphabetic characters, i.e., a, b, c... while the
|\Alph| command uses upper case alphabetic characters, i.e.,
A, B, C....
\arabic{counter} *\arabic*
Causes the value of the {counter} to be printed in Arabic
numbers, i.e., 3.
\fnsymbol{counter} *\fnsymbol*
Causes the value of the {counter} to be printed in a specific
sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering
footnotes.
Note: counter must have a value between 1 and 9 inclusive.
\newcounter{foo}[counter] *\newcounter*
Defines a new counter named {foo}. The counter is initialized
to zero. The optional argument [counter] causes the counter
{foo} to be reset whenever the counter named in the optional
argument is incremented.
\refstepcounter{counter} *\refstepcounter*
Command works like |\stepcounter|, except it also defines the
current |\ref| value to be the result of \thecounter.
\roman{counter} *\roman* *\Roman*
\Roman{counter}
Causes the value of the {counter} to be printed in Roman
numerals. The |\roman| command uses lower case Roman numerals,
i.e., i, ii, iii..., while the |\Roman| command uses upper case
Roman numerals, i.e., I, II, III....
\stepcounter{counter} *\stepcounter*
Adds one to the {counter} and resets all subsidiary counters.
\setcounter{counter}{value} *\setcounter*
Sets the value of the {counter} to that specified by the
{value} argument.
\usecounter{counter} *\usecounter*
Command is used in the second argument of the |list|
environment to allow the {counter} specified to be used to
number the list items.
\value{counter} *\value*
Produces the value of the {counter} named in the mandatory
argument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or
number, such as the second argument of a |\setcounter| or
|\addtocounter| command, or in: >
\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}
< It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.
==============================================================================
3. Cross References *latex-references*
One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the
reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details."
|\label| Assign a symbolic name to a piece of text
|\pageref| Refer to a page number
|\ref| Refer to a section, figure or similar
\label{key} *\label*
Command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the {key} the
number of the current sectional unit; one appearing inside a
numbered environment assigns that number to the {key}.
A {key} can consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or
punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are
different.
To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name,
it is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix
separated by a colon. The prefixes conventionally used are
* 'cha' for chapters
* 'sec' for lower-level sectioning commands
* 'fig' for figures
* 'tab' for tables
* 'eq' for equations
Thus, a label for a figure would look like: >
\label{fig:bandersnatch}
\pageref{key} *\pageref*
Command produces the page number of the place in the text
where the corresponding |\label| command appears. ie. where
\label{key} appears.
\ref{key} *\ref*
Command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation
number, ... of the corresponding |\label| command.
==============================================================================
4. Definitions *latex-definitions*
|\newcommand| Define a new command
|\newenvironment| Define a new environment
|\newtheorem| Define a new theorem-like environment
|\newfont| Define a new font name
\DeclareFixedFont Define a new font switch
\newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition} *\newcommand* *\renewcommand*
\newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition}
\renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition}
These commands define (or redefine) a command.
{cmd} A command name beginning with a |\\|. For |\newcommand| it must
not be already defined and must not begin with |\end|; for
|\renewcommand| it must already be defined.
{args} An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the
command being defined. The default is for the command to have
no arguments.
{default} If this optional parameter is present, it means that the
command's first argument is optional. The default value of the
optional argument is default.
{definition} The text to be substituted for every occurrence of {cmd}; a
parameter of the form #n in {cmd} is replaced by the text of
the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
*\newenvironment* *\renewenvironment*
\newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
\newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef}
\renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}
These commands define or redefine an environment.
{nam} The name of the environment. For |\newenvironment| there must
be no currently defined environment by that name, and the
command \nam must be undefined. For |\renewenvironment| the
environment must already be defined.
{args} An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of
the newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.
{default} If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and
default gives the default value for that argument.
{begdef} The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin{nam}; a
parameter of the form #n in {cmd} is replaced by the text of
the nth argument when this substitution takes place.
{enddef} The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}. It
may not contain any argument parameters.
\newtheorem{envname}{caption}[within] *\newtheorem*
\newtheorem{envname}[numberedlike]{caption}
This command defines a theorem-like environment.
{envname} The name of the environment to be defined. A string of
letters. It must not be the name of an existing environment or
counter.
{caption} The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right
before the number. This may simply say "Theorem", for example.
{within} The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional
unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter
within the sectional unit.
{numberedlike} The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.
The |\newtheorem| command may have at most one optional argument.
\newfont{cmd}{fontname} *\newfont*
Defines the command name {cmd}, which must not be currently
defined, to be a declaration that selects the font named
{fontname} to be the current font.
\DeclareFixedFont{cmd}{encoding}{family}{series}{shape}{size}
Defines new command {cmd} which will switch to the declared
font. Other attributes of this command are the same os
for the \usefont command. Example
\DeclareFixedFont{\bold}{T1}{qbk}{b}{it}{11}
==============================================================================
5. Document Classes *latex-classes*
\documentclass[options]{class} *\documentclass*
Valid LaTeX document classes include:
*article *article-class*
*report *report-class*
*letter *letter-class*
*book *book-class*
*slides *slides-class*
All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following options for
selecting the typeface size (10 pt is default):
10pt, 11pt, 12pt
All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size (default is
letter):
a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, executivepaper
Miscellaneous options:
landscape *landscape*
Selects landscape format. Default is portrait.
titlepage, notitlepage *notitlepage*
Selects if there should be a separate title page.
leqno *leqno* *rqno*
Equation number on left side of equations. Default is
right side.
fleqn *fleqn*
Displayed formulas flush left. Default is centred.
openbib *openbib*
Use "open" bibliography format.
draft, final *draft* *final*
Mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a rule. Default is
final.
These options are not available with the slides class:
oneside, twoside *oneside* *twoside*
Selects one- or twosided layout. Default is oneside,
except for the book class.
openright, openany *openright* *openany*
Determines if a chapter should start on a right-hand page.
Default is openright for book.
onecolumn, twocolumn *onecolumn* *twocolumn*
One or two columns. Defaults to one column.
The slides class offers the option clock for printing the time at the bottom
of each |\note|.
If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma.
\usepackage[options]{pkg} *\usepackage*
Additional packages are loaded by this. If you
specify more than one package, they must be separated by a
comma.
Any options given in the |\documentclass| command that are unknown by the
selected document class are passed on to the packages loaded with |\usepackage|.
==============================================================================
6. Layout *latex-layout*
Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the page.
|\flushbottom| Make all text pages the same height.
|\onecolumn| Use one-column layout.
|\raggedbottom| Allow text pages of differing height.
|\twocolumn| Use two-column layout.
\flushbottom *\flushbottom*
Makes all text pages the same height, adding extra vertical
space when necessary to fill out the page. This is the
standard if twocolumn mode is selected.
\onecolumn *\onecolumn*
Starts a new page and produces single-column output.
\raggedbottom *\raggedbottom*
Makes all pages the height of the text on that page. No extra
vertical space is added.
\twocolumn[text] *\twocolumn*
Starts a new page and produces two-column output. If the
optional [text] argument is present, it is typeset in
one-column mode.
==============================================================================
7. Environments *latex-environments*
*\begin* *\end*
LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. Each
environment begins and ends in the same manner: >
\begin{environment-name}
.
.
.
\end{environment-name}
<
a. |array| Math arrays
b. |center| Centred lines
c. |description| Labelled lists
d. |enumerate| Numbered lists
e. |eqnarray| Sequences of aligned equations
f. |equation| Displayed equation
g. |figure| Floating figures
h. |flushleft| Flushed left lines
i. |flushright| Flushed right lines
j. |itemize| Bulleted lists
k. |letter| Letters
l. |list| Generic list environment
m. |minipage| Miniature page
n. |picture| Picture with text, arrows, lines and circles
o. |quotation| Indented environment with paragraph indentation
p. |quote-l| Indented environment with no paragraph indentation
q. |tabbing| Align text arbitrarily
r. |table| Floating tables
s. |tabular| Align text in columns
t. |thebibliography| Bibliography or reference list
u. |theorem| Theorems, lemmas, etc
v. |titlepage| For hand crafted title pages
x. |verbatim| Simulating typed input
y. |verse| For poetry and other things
==============================================================================
a. array *array*
>
\begin{array}{col1col2...coln}
column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\
.
.
.
\end{array}
Math arrays are produced with the |array| environment. It has a single mandatory
argument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. Each
column, coln, is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row
should be formatted.
* c -- for centred
* l -- for flush left
* r -- for flush right
Column entries must be separated by an |&|. Column entries may include other
LaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with the string |\\|.
Note that the |array| environment can only be used in |math-mode|, so normally
it is used inside an |equation| environment.
==============================================================================
b. center *center*
>
\begin{center}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{center}
The |\center| environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of lines
that are centred within the left and right margins on the current page. Each
line must be terminated with the string |\\|.
\centering *\centering*
This declaration corresponds to the |center| environment. This
declaration can be used inside an environment such as
|quote-l| or in a |\parbox|. The text of a |figure| or |table|
can be centred on the page by putting a |\centering| command
at the beginning of the |figure| or |table| environment.
Unlike the |center| environment, the |\centering| command does
not start a new paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats
paragraph units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the
scope of the declaration must contain the blank line or |\end|
command (of an environment like |quote-l|) that ends the
paragraph unit.
==============================================================================
c. description *description*
>
\begin{description}
\item [label] First item
\item [label] Second item
.
.
.
\end{description}
The |description| environment is used to make labelled lists. The label is
bold face and flushed right.
==============================================================================
d. enumerate *enumerate*
>
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{enumerate}
The |enumerate| environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can be
nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested
within other paragraph-making environments.
\item Each item of an enumerated list begins with an |\item|
command. There must be at least one |\item| command
within the environment.
The |enumerate| environment uses the |\enumi| through |\enumiv| counters (see
section |latex-counters|). The type of numbering can be changed by redefining
\theenumi etc.
==============================================================================
e. eqnarray *eqnarray*
>
\begin{eqnarray}
math formula 1 \\
math formula 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{eqnarray}
The |eqnarray| environment is used to display a sequence of equations or
inequalities. It is very much like a three-column |array| environment, with
consecutive rows separated by |\\| and consecutive items within a row separated
by an |&|.
\nonumber *\nonumber*
An equation number is placed on every line unless that
line has a |\nonumber| command.
\lefteqn *\lefteqn*
The command |\lefteqn| is used for splitting long
formulas across lines. It typesets its argument in
display style flush left in a box of zero width.
==============================================================================
f. equation *equation*
>
\begin{equation}
math formula
\end{equation}
The |equation| environment centres your equation on the page and places the
equation number in the right margin.
==============================================================================
g. figure *figure*
>
\begin{figure}[placement]
body of the figure
\caption{figure title}
\end{figure}
Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually
"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Figures will not be
split between two pages.
The optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place
your figure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:
h (Here) at the position in the text where the figure
environment appears.
t (Top) at the top of a text page.
b (Bottom) at the bottom of a text page.
p (Page of floats) on a separate float page, which is a page containing
no text, only floats.
The standard |report-class| and |article-class| use the default placement
[tbp].
The body of the |figure| is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you
wish.
The \caption command allows you to title your figure.
==============================================================================
h. flushleft *flushleft*
>
\begin{flushleft}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{flushleft}
The |flushleft| environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
lines that are flushed left, to the left-hand margin. Each line must be
terminated with the string |\\|.
\raggedright *\raggedright*
This declaration corresponds to the |flushleft| environment.
This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
|quote-l| or in a |\parbox|. Unlike the |flushleft|
environment, the |\raggedright| command does not start a new
paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or |\end| command (of
an environment like |quote-l|) that ends the paragraph unit.
==============================================================================
i. flushright *flushright*
>
\begin{flushright}
Text on line 1 \\
Text on line 2 \\
.
.
.
\end{flushright}
The |flushright| environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of
lines that are flushed right, to the right-hand margin. Each line must be
terminated with the string |\\|.
\raggedleft *\raggedleft*
This declaration corresponds to the |flushright| environment.
This declaration can be used inside an environment such as
|quote-l| or in a |\parbox|. Unlike the |flushright|
environment, the |\raggedleft| command does not start a new
paragraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph
units. To affect a paragraph unit's format, the scope of the
declaration must contain the blank line or |\end| command (of
an environment like |quote-l|) that ends the paragraph unit.
==============================================================================
j. itemize *itemize*
>
\begin{itemize}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{itemize}
The |itemize| environment produces a "bulleted" list. Itemizations can be
nested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested
within other paragraph-making environments.
\item *\item*
Each item of an itemized list begins with an |\item| command.
There must be at least one |\item| command within the
environment.
The itemize environment uses the |\itemi| through |\itemiv| counters (see
section |latex-counters|). The type of numbering can be changed by redefining
\theitemi etc.
==============================================================================
k. letter *\letter*
This environment is used for creating letters. See section |latex-letters|.
==============================================================================
l. list *list*
The |list| environment is a generic environment which is used for defining many
of the more specific environments. It is seldom used in documents, but often
in macros.
>
\begin{list}{label}{spacing}
\item First item
\item Second item
.
.
.
\end{list}
'label' The {label} argument specifies how items should be labelled.
This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a box to
form the {label}. This argument can and usually does contain
other LaTeX commands.
'spacing' The {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing
parameters for the |list|. This argument will most often be
null, i.e., {}. This will select all default spacing which
should suffice for most cases.
==============================================================================
m. minipage *minipage*
>
\begin{minipage}[position]{width}
text
\end{minipage}
The |minipage| environment is similar to a |\parbox| command. It takes the
same optional [position] argument and mandatory {width} argument. You may use
other paragraph-making environments inside a |minipage|. Footnotes in a
minipage environment are handled in a way that is particularly useful for
putting footnotes in figures or tables. A |\footnote| or |\footnotetext|
command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of at the
bottom of the page, and it uses the |\mpfootnote| counter instead of the
ordinary footnote counter. See sections |latex-counters| and
|latex-footnotes|.
NOTE: Don't put one |minipage| inside another if you are using footnotes; they
may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage.
==============================================================================
n. picture *picture*
>
size position
\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset)
.
.
picture commands
.
.
\end{picture}
The |picture| environment allows you to create just about any kind of picture
you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles. You tell LaTeX where to
put things in the picture by specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a
number that may have a decimal point and a minus sign -- a number like 5, 2.3
or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length
|\unitlength|, so if |\unitlength| has been set to 1cm, then the coordinate
2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimetres. You can change the value of
|\unitlength| anywhere you want, using the |\setlength| command, but strange
things will happen if you try changing it inside the |picture| environment.
A position is a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), specifying the point
with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are specified in the
usual way with respect to an origin, which is normally at the lower-left
corner of the |picture|.
Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in
braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument.
The |picture| environment has one mandatory argument, which is a position. It
specifies the size of the picture. The environment produces a rectangular box
with width and height determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates.
The |picture| environment also has an optional position argument, following
the size argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional
arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The optional
argument gives the coordinates of the point at the lower-left corner of the
picture (thereby determining the origin). For example, if |\unitlength| has
been set to 1mm, the command: >
\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20)
>
produces a picture of width 100 millimetres and height 200 millimetres, whose
lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose upper-right corner is
therefore the point (110,220). When you first draw a picture, you will omit
the optional argument, leaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you
then want to modify your picture by shifting everything, you just add the
appropriate optional argument.
The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of the
picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture really is; LaTeX
will happily allow you to put things outside the picture, or even off the
page. The picture's nominal size is used by LaTeX in determining how much room
to leave for it.
Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the |\put| command. The
command: >
\put (11.3,-.3){...}
puts the object specified by ... in the picture, with its
reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference points for various
objects will be described below.
The |\put| creates an LR box (|lrbox|). You can put anything in the text
argument of the |\put| that you'd put into the argument of an |\mbox| and
related commands. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left
corner of the box.
Picture commands:
|\circle| Draw a circle
|\dashbox| Draw a dashed box
|\frame| Draw a frame around an object
|\framebox(picture)| Draw a box with a frame around it
|\line| Draw a straight line
|\linethickness| Set the line thickness
|\makebox(picture)| Draw a box of the specified size
|\multiput| Draw multiple instances of an object
|\oval| Draw an ellipse
|\put| Place an object at a specified place
|\shortstack| Make a pile of objects
|\vector| Draw a line with an arrow
\circle[*]{diameter} *\circle*
Command produces a circle with a {diameter} as close to the
specified one as possible. If the *-form of the command is
used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.
Note: only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.
\dashbox{dashlength}(width,height){...} *\dashbox*
Draws a box with a dashed line. The |\dashbox| has an extra
argument which specifies the width of each dash. A dashed box
looks best when the width and height are multiples of the
{dashlength}.
\frame{...} *\frame*
Puts a rectangular frame around the object specified in the
argument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the
frame. No extra space is put between the frame and the object.
\framebox(width,height)[position]{...} *\picture-framebox*
The |\framebox| command is exactly the same as the
|picture-makebox| command, except that it puts a frame around
the outside of the box that it creates. The |\framebox|
command produces a rule of thickness |\fboxrule|, and leaves a
space |\fboxsep| between the rule and the contents of the box.
\line(x slope,y slope){length} *\line*
Draws a line of the specified length and slope.
Note: LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x and
y have integer values from -6 through 6.
\linethickness{dimension} *\linethickness*
Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a
|picture| environment to be dimension, which must be a
positive length. It does not affect the thickness of slanted
lines (|\line|) and circles (|circle|), or the quarter circles
drawn by |\oval| to form the corners of an oval.
\makebox(width,height)[position]{...} *picture-makebox*
The makebox command for the |picture| environment is similar
to the normal |\makebox| command except that you must specify
a width and height in multiples of |\unitlength|.
The optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that
your text appears in. You may select up to two of the
following:
t - Moves the item to the top of the rectangle
b - Moves the item to the bottom
l - Moves the item to the left
r - Moves the item to the right
*\multiput*
\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){no of copies}{object}
This command can be used when you are putting the same
object in a regular pattern across a picture.
\oval(width,height)[portion] *\oval*
Produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optional
argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval.
t - top portion
b - bottom portion
r - right portion
l - left portion
Note: the "corners" of the oval are made with quarter circles
with a maximum radius of 20 pt, so large "ovals" will look
more like boxes with rounded corners.
\put(x coord,y coord){ ... } *\put*
Places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the
given coordinates.
\shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...} *\shortstack*
The |\shortstack| command produces a stack of objects.
The valid positions are:
r - right of the stack
l - left of the stack
c - centre of the stack (default)
\vector(x slope,y slope){length} *\vector*
Draws a line with an arrow of the specified length and slope.
The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.
==============================================================================
o. quotation *quotation*
>
\begin{quotation}
text
\end{quotation}
The margins of the |quotation| environment are indented on the left and the
right. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph
indentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.
==============================================================================
p. quote *quote-l*
>
\begin{quote}
text
\end{quote}
The margins of the |quote-l| environment are indented on the left and the right.
The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text
produces a new paragraph.
==============================================================================
q. tabbing *tabbing*
>
\begin{tabbing}
text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\
second row \> \> more \\
.
.
.
\end{tabbing}
The |tabbing| environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works by
setting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with an ordinary
typewriter.
It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is constant and
known in advance.
This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the |tabular| environment.
The following commands can be used inside a tabbing environment:
*tab=*
\= Sets a tab stop at the current position.
*tab>*
\> Advances to the next tab stop.
*tab<*
\< This command allows you to put something to the left of the
local margin without changing the margin. Can only be used at
the start of the line.
*tab+*
\+ Moves the left margin of the next and all the following
commands one tab stop to the right.
*tab-*
\- Moves the left margin of the next and all the following
commands one tab stop to the left.
*tab'*
\' Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current
column, i.e. everything from the most recent \> (|tab>|), \<
(|tab<|), \' (|tab'|), |\\|, or |\kill| command, to the right
of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab
stop.
*tab`*
\` Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop,
including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right
of the last column because there's no tab stop there. The \`
(|tab`|) command moves all the text that follows it, up to the
|\\| or \end{tabbing} command that ends the line, to the right
margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no \>
(|tab>|) or \' (|tab'|) command between the \` (|tab`|) and
the command that ends the line.
*\kill*
\kill Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like |\\|
except that it throws away the current line instead of
producing output for it. The effect of any \= (|tab=|), \+
(|tab+|) or \- (|tab-|) commands in that line remain in
effect.
*\pushtabs*
\pushtabs Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily
changing tab stop positions in the middle of a tabbing
environment. Also restores the tab stop positions saved by the
last |\pushtabs|.
*taba*
\a In a tabbing environment, the commands \= (|tab=|), \'
(|tab'|) and \` (|tab`|) do not produce accents as normal.
Instead, the commands \a=, \a' and \a` are used.
This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional format:
>
\begin{tabbing}
function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\
\> begin \= \+ \\
\> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\
fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\
else \+ \\
fact := 1; \-\- \\
end;\\
\end{tabbing}
==============================================================================
r. table *\table*
>
\begin{table}[placement]
body of the table
\caption{table title}
\end{table}