Support encrypting binary columns (rails#50920)

* Support encrypting binary columns

ActiveRecord Encryption doesn't prevent you from encrypting binary
columns but it doesn't have proper support for it either.

When the data is fed through encrypt/decrypt it is converted to a
String. This means that the the encryption layer is not transparent
to binary data - which should be passed as Type::Binary::Data.

As a result the data is not properly escaped in the SQL queries or
deserialized correctly after decryption.

However it just happens to work fine for MySQL and SQLite because the
MessageSerializer doesn't use any characters that need to be encoded.
However if you try to use a custom serializer that does then it breaks.

PostgreSQL on the other hand does not work - because the Bytea type
is passed a String rather than a Type::Binary::Data to deserialize, it
attempts to unescape the data and either mangles it or raises an error
if it contains null bytes.

The commit fixes the issue, by reserializing the data after
encryption and decryption. For text data that's a no-op, but for binary
data we'll convert it back to a Type::Binary::Data.

* Extract decrypt_as_text/encrypt_as_text

* Handle serialized binary data in encrypted columns

Calling `serialize` is not always possible, because the column type
might not expect to be serializing a String, for example when declared
as serialzed or store attribute.

With binary data the encryptor was passed an
`ActiveModel::Type::Binary::Data`` and returned a `String``. In order to
remain transparent we need to turn the data back into a
`ActiveModel::Type::Binary::Data` before passing it on.

We'll also rename `serialize`` to `text_to_database_type` to be a bit
more descriptive.

activerecord/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
+*   Add support for encrypting binary columns
+
+    Ensure encryption and decryption pass `Type::Binary::Data` around for binary data.
+
+    Previously encrypting binary columns with the `ActiveRecord::Encryption::MessageSerializer`
+    incidentally worked for MySQL and SQLite, but not PostgreSQL.
+
+    *Donal McBreen*
+
 *   Deprecated `ENV["SCHEMA_CACHE"]` in favor of `schema_cache_path` in the database configuration.
 
     *Rafael Mendonça França*

activerecord/lib/active_record/encryption/encrypted_attribute_type.rb

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def previous_type?
           @previous_type
         end
 
-        def decrypt(value)
+        def decrypt_as_text(value)
           with_context do
             unless value.nil?
               if @default && @default == value
@@ -99,6 +99,10 @@ def decrypt(value)
           end
         end
 
+        def decrypt(value)
+          text_to_database_type decrypt_as_text(value)
+        end
+
         def try_to_deserialize_with_previous_encrypted_types(value)
           previous_types.each.with_index do |type, index|
             break type.deserialize(value)
@@ -129,12 +133,16 @@ def serialize_with_current(value)
           encrypt(casted_value.to_s) unless casted_value.nil?
         end
 
-        def encrypt(value)
+        def encrypt_as_text(value)
           with_context do
             encryptor.encrypt(value, **encryption_options)
           end
         end
 
+        def encrypt(value)
+          text_to_database_type encrypt_as_text(value)
+        end
+
         def encryptor
           ActiveRecord::Encryption.encryptor
         end
@@ -150,6 +158,14 @@ def decryption_options
         def clean_text_scheme
           @clean_text_scheme ||= ActiveRecord::Encryption::Scheme.new(downcase: downcase?, encryptor: ActiveRecord::Encryption::NullEncryptor.new)
         end
+
+        def text_to_database_type(value)
+          if value && cast_type.binary?
+            ActiveModel::Type::Binary::Data.new(value)
+          else
+            value
+          end
+        end
     end
   end
 end

activerecord/test/cases/encryption/encryptable_record_test.rb

@@ -394,6 +394,25 @@ def name
     assert_predicate OtherEncryptedPost.type_for_attribute(:title).scheme.previous_schemes, :one?
   end
 
+  test "binary data can be encrypted" do
+    all_bytes = (0..255).map(&:chr).join
+    assert_equal all_bytes, EncryptedBookWithBinary.create!(logo: all_bytes).logo
+    assert_nil EncryptedBookWithBinary.create!(logo: nil).logo
+    assert_equal "", EncryptedBookWithBinary.create!(logo: "").logo
+  end
+
+  test "binary data can be encrypted uncompressed" do
+    low_bytes = (0..127).map(&:chr).join
+    high_bytes = (128..255).map(&:chr).join
+    assert_equal low_bytes, EncryptedBookWithBinary.create!(logo: low_bytes).logo
+    assert_equal high_bytes, EncryptedBookWithBinary.create!(logo: high_bytes).logo
+  end
+
+  test "serialized binary data can be encrypted" do
+    json_bytes = (32..127).map(&:chr)
+    assert_equal json_bytes, EncryptedBookWithSerializedBinary.create!(logo: json_bytes).logo
+  end
+
   private
     def build_derived_key_provider_with(hash_digest_class)
       ActiveRecord::Encryption.with_encryption_context(key_generator: ActiveRecord::Encryption::KeyGenerator.new(hash_digest_class: hash_digest_class)) do

activerecord/test/models/book_encrypted.rb

@@ -43,3 +43,16 @@ class EncryptedBookWithUnencryptedDataOptedIn < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :name, uniqueness: true
   encrypts :name, deterministic: true, support_unencrypted_data: true
 end
+
+class EncryptedBookWithBinary < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "encrypted_books"
+
+  encrypts :logo
+end
+
+class EncryptedBookWithSerializedBinary < ActiveRecord::Base
+  self.table_name = "encrypted_books"
+
+  serialize :logo, coder: JSON
+  encrypts :logo
+end

activerecord/test/schema/schema.rb

@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@
     t.string :format
     t.column :name, :string, default: "<untitled>"
     t.column :original_name, :string
+    t.column :logo, :binary
 
     t.datetime :created_at
     t.datetime :updated_at