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fixed some typos
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ntounsi committed Sep 5, 2016
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Expand Up @@ -313,80 +313,80 @@ <h3>Different Writing Styles</h3>
<em>Naskh</em>, <em>Ruqʻa</em>, <em>Taʻliq</em> and <em>Diwani</em>.</p>


<dl>
<img alt="Arabic writing styles" src="images/ArabicWritingStyles.png" style=" width: 373px; height: 397px;" align="right">
<dl> <!--316-->
<dt>Kufi (كوفي)</dt>

<dd>One of the
<dd><img style="width: 200px; height: 147px; float:right; margin-left: 10px;" src="images/kufiExampleQuran.jpg" alt="Kufi script"> One of the
oldest and best known Arabic scripts. It is characterized by
its decorative and pronounced geometric forms, well adapted for
architectural designs. The style grew with the beginning of
Islam to satisfy a need for Muslims to codify the Kor'an. <br>
Islam to satisfy a need for Muslims to codify the Kor'an.
</dd>

<dt>Thuluth (ثلث)</dt>
<dt style="clear:right;">Thuluth (ثلث)</dt>

<dd>
<dd><img style="width: 132px; height: 173px; float:right; margin-left: 10px;" src="images/basmalahThuluth.png" alt="Thuluth script">
(The third.) Recognizable by the fact that the letters and words are highly
interleaved in its complex form. May be the most difficult style to
write (requiring a significant amount of skill), both in terms of its
letters and in terms
of its structure and composition.</dd>

<dt>Naskh (نسخ)</dt>
<dt style="clear:right;">Naskh (نسخ)</dt>

<dd> One of
<dd><img style="width: 147px; height: 166px; float:right; margin-left: 10px;" src="images/naskhQuran2.png" alt="Naskh script"> One of
the clearest styles of all, with clearly distinguished letters
which facilitate reading and pronunciation. Can be
written at small sizes (traditionally using pens made of reeds and
ink), which suits the production of longer texts used for boards
and books intended for the general population, especially the
Kor'an.<del></del></dd>
Kor'an.</dd>

<dt>Ruqʻa (رقعة‎)</dt>
<dt style="clear:right;">Ruqʻa (رقعة‎)</dt>

<dd> A handwritten style still commonly used in Arabic countries, and recognisable by its bold-like letters written above the writing line.
<dd><img style="width: 129px; height: 168px; float:right; margin-left: 10px;" src="images/Ruq_ah.gif" alt="Ruq'a script"> A handwritten style still commonly used in Arabic countries, and recognisable by its bold-like letters written above the writing line.
Designed to be used for education, for everyday writing
and adopted in the offices (<em>Diwan</em>) of the Ottoman
Empire. One of it's feature is that calligraphers have kept it and did not derived variations from it</dd>

<dt>Taʻlīq (تعليق)</dt>
<dt style="clear:right;">Taʻlīq (تعليق)</dt>

<dd> Also known as <em>Farsi </em>(Iran), <em>Taʻlīq</em> (hanging) combines <em>Naskh</em> and <em>Riqaʻ</em>.
<dd><img style="width: 200px; height: 121px; float:right; margin-left: 10px;" src="images/taliq.jpg" alt="Ta'liq script" > Also known as <em>Farsi </em>(Iran), <em>Taʻlīq</em> (hanging).
A beautiful script characterized by the precision and stretch of
its letters, its clarity, and its lack of complexity. Designed for Persian language, until
replaced by <em>Nastaʻlīq</em></dd>

<dt>Diwani (ديواني)<br>
<dt style="clear:right;">Diwani (ديواني)
</dt>

<dd> Used
<dd><img style="width: 250px; height: 101px; float:right;" src="images/diwani.png" alt="Diwani script" > Used
by the Ottman court (<em>Diwan</em>) to write official documents.
Some variations of it are still in use today (e.g. hand written documents by some
religious officials).</dd>
</dl>
<p>We can add other font styles to this list, such as the following.</p>
<dl>

<p style="clear:right;">We can add other font styles to this list, such as the following :</p>

<dl>

<dt>Nasta'liq or Farissi (فارسي)<br>
<dt>Nasta'liq or Farissi (فارسي)
</dt>

<dd>&nbsp;Persian version of <em>Taʻliq</em>, derived from <em>Naskh</em> and
<dd> <img style="width: 130px; height: 130px; float:right; margin-left: 10px;" src="images/nastaliq.jpg" alt="Nastaliq script" >Persian version of <em>Taʻliq</em>, derived from <em>Naskh</em> and
<em>Taaʻliq</em> and developed in the 8th and 9th centuries. It
is like a <em>Taaʻliq</em> but easier to write and read.</dd>

<dt>Rabat aka Maghribi&nbsp; (رباط او مغربي‎)<br>
<dt style="clear:right;">Rabat aka Maghribi (رباط او مغربي‎)
</dt>

<dd><img style="width: 214px; height: 53px;" src="images/basmalaMaghribi.png" alt="Maghribi script" align="right">
<dd><img style="width: 170px; height: 177px; float:right; margin-left: 10px;" src="images/maghribi2.jpg" alt="Maghribi script">
Western Islamic world of North Africa and Spain. Used for
writing the Kor'an as well as other scientific, legal and
religious manuscripts. Used in some very official printings in Morocco. <br>
religious manuscripts. Used in some very official printings in Morocco.
</dd>

</dl>
</dl>
<p style="clear:right;"><cite>Images are from Wikipedia...</cite></p><!--389-->

</section>

Expand All @@ -396,9 +396,8 @@ <h3>Arabic Script and Typography</h3>


<p>Arabic script has some characteristics that are challenging for
Typographer and font designers. Examples bellow, shows some
characteristics should be handled carefully. How could typography, which came late
to Arabic world, then follow the tradition of the many authors /
typographers and font designers. Examples bellow show some
characteristics worth to be considered carefully. How could typography, which came late to the Arabic world, then follow the tradition of the many authors and
artists who manually shaped the Arabic writing over decades? even
in it's simplest <span style="font-style: italic;">Naskh</span> style?

Expand All @@ -407,7 +406,7 @@ <h3>Arabic Script and Typography</h3>

<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>1. Multi-level baselines </strong></p>
<p><strong>Multi-level baselines </strong></p>

<p>Letters may join through a finely inclined line</p>

Expand All @@ -427,7 +426,7 @@ <h3>Arabic Script and Typography</h3>
<p style="margin-left: 40px;"><img style="width: 110px; height: 93px;" alt="normal Font" src="images/yastabchiroNormal.jpg"></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>2. Multi-context joining</strong></p>
<p><strong>Multi-context joining</strong></p>

<p>Rendering of letters depends not only on their place in the
word (initial, medial, final) but also on their neighboring letters,
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -455,10 +454,10 @@ <h3>Arabic Script and Typography</h3>
below.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>3. Words as groups of letters<br></strong></p>
<p><strong>Words as groups of letters<br></strong></p>

<p>A word shape is not (only) a "horizontal" connections of
letters, but of groups of letters (syntagmes??).</p>
letters, but of groups of letters (syntagmes).</p>

<p>Example two words in some nice Naskh font.</p>

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -498,11 +497,12 @@ <h3>Arabic Script and Typography</h3>

<p>Group combinations cannot be covered by general or usual
ligatures.</p>

<p><strong>4. Vertical</strong>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Vertical</strong>
<strong>joining</strong></p>

<p>Groups of letters may also join vertically (top down) instead
<p>Groups of letters may also "join" vertically (top down) instead
of right to left. And not all fonts permit this.</p>

<table style="margin-left: 40px;">
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -538,8 +538,9 @@ <h3>Arabic Script and Typography</h3>
of joining to suit the desired line width. Should then be a
general rule on that. But to achieve such justification
would require sophisticated algorithms.</p>

<p><strong>5. The so called teeth letters.</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>The so called teeth letters.</strong></p>

<p>Letters having uniform medial shape, align in a kind of
teeth.</p>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -583,10 +584,10 @@ <h3><span style="font-weight: bold;">Fonts</span></h3>

<ul>
<li>Accessibility (readability and visibility) ... </li>
<li>The kind of device with small screen (for example, larger loop and teeth height, small descenders etc...), although font actually appear better on smartphones</li>
<li>The kind of device with small screen (for example, larger loop and teeth height, small descenders etc...), although fonts actually appear better on smartphones</li>
<li>Font style for titles and banners and alike (small number of words), may differ from the style for content text (long text).</li>
<li>Shapes and proportions (the size issue) in mixed texts</li>
<li>Some fonts might give another opportunity for line justification than the one based on word spacing (todo example MHMD).
<li>Some fonts might give another opportunity for line justification than the one based on word spacing (See section 4.2.4 Ligatures).
</li>
<li>etc...</li>
</ul>
Expand Down

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