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demos.Rout.save
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demos.Rout.save
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R Under development (unstable) (2011-08-04 r56621)
Copyright (C) 2011 The R Foundation for Statistical Computing
ISBN 3-900051-07-0
Platform: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu (64-bit)
R is free software and comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
You are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions.
Type 'license()' or 'licence()' for distribution details.
R is a collaborative project with many contributors.
Type 'contributors()' for more information and
'citation()' on how to cite R or R packages in publications.
Type 'demo()' for some demos, 'help()' for on-line help, or
'help.start()' for an HTML browser interface to help.
Type 'q()' to quit R.
> #### Run all demos that do not depend on tcl and other specials.
> .ptime <- proc.time()
> set.seed(123)
> options(keep.source=TRUE, useFancyQuotes=FALSE)
>
> ## Drop these for strict testing {and add them to demos2.R)
> ## lm.glm is in ../src/library/utils/man/demo.Rd }:
> dont <- list(graphics = c("Hershey", "Japanese", "plotmath"),
+ stats = c("lm.glm", "nlm")
+ )
> ## don't take tcltk here
> for(pkg in c("base", "graphics", "stats")) {
+
+ demos <- list.files(file.path(system.file(package = pkg), "demo"),
+ pattern = "\\.R$")
+ demos <- demos[is.na(match(demos, paste(dont[[pkg]], "R",sep=".")))]
+
+ if(length(demos)) {
+ if(need <- pkg != "base" &&
+ !any((fpkg <- paste("package", pkg, sep=":")) == search()))
+ library(pkg, character.only = TRUE)
+
+ for(nam in sub("\\.R$", "", demos))
+ demo(nam, character.only = TRUE)
+
+ if(need) detach(pos = which(fpkg == search()))
+ }
+ }
demo(error.catching)
---- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> ##================================================================##
> ### In longer simulations, aka computer experiments, ###
> ### you may want to ###
> ### 1) catch all errors and warnings (and continue) ###
> ### 2) store the error or warning messages ###
> ### ###
> ### Here's a solution (see R-help mailing list, Dec 9, 2010): ###
> ##================================================================##
>
> ##' We want to catch *and* save both errors and warnings, and in the case of
> ##' a warning, also keep the computed result.
> ##'
> ##' @title tryCatch both warnings and errors
> ##' @param expr
> ##' @return a list with 'value' and 'warning', where
> ##' 'value' may be an error caught.
> ##' @author Martin Maechler
> tryCatch.W.E <- function(expr)
+ {
+ W <- NULL
+ w.handler <- function(w){ # warning handler
+ W <<- w
+ invokeRestart("muffleWarning")
+ }
+ list(value = withCallingHandlers(tryCatch(expr, error = function(e) e),
+ warning = w.handler),
+ warning = W)
+ }
> str( tryCatch.W.E( log( 2 ) ) )
List of 2
$ value : num 0.693
$ warning: NULL
> str( tryCatch.W.E( log( -1) ) )
List of 2
$ value : num NaN
$ warning:List of 2
..$ message: chr "NaNs produced"
..$ call : language log(-1)
..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:3] "simpleWarning" "warning" "condition"
> str( tryCatch.W.E( log("a") ) )
List of 2
$ value :List of 2
..$ message: chr "Non-numeric argument to mathematical function"
..$ call : language log("a")
..- attr(*, "class")= chr [1:3] "simpleError" "error" "condition"
$ warning: NULL
demo(is.things)
---- ~~~~~~~~~
> ## being a 'builtin' function is not the same as being in base
> ls.base <- ls("package:base", all=TRUE)
> base.is.f <- sapply(ls.base, function(x) is.function(get(x)))
> cat("\nNumber of base objects:\t\t", length(ls.base),
+ "\nNumber of functions in base:\t", sum(base.is.f),
+ "\n\t starting with 'is.' :\t ",
+ sum(grepl("^is\\.", ls.base[base.is.f])), "\n", sep = "")
Number of base objects: 1278
Number of functions in base: 1247
starting with 'is.' : 50
> ## 0.14 : 31
> ## 0.50 : 33
> ## 0.60 : 34
> ## 0.63 : 37
> ## 1.0.0 : 38
> ## 1.3.0 : 41
> ## 1.6.0 : 45
> ## 2.0.0 : 45
>
> ## Do we have a method (probably)?
> is.method <- function(fname) {
+ isFun <- function(name) (exists(name, mode="function") &&
+ is.na(match(name, c("is", "as"))))
+ np <- length(sp <- strsplit(fname, split = "\\.")[[1]])
+ if(np <= 1 )
+ FALSE
+ else
+ (isFun(paste(sp[1:(np-1)], collapse = '.')) ||
+ (np >= 3 &&
+ isFun(paste(sp[1:(np-2)], collapse = '.'))))
+ }
> is.ALL <- function(obj, func.names = ls(pos=length(search())),
+ not.using = c("is.single", "is.loaded",
+ "is.empty.model", "is.R", "is.element", "is.unsorted"),
+ true.only = FALSE, debug = FALSE)
+ {
+ ## Purpose: show many 'attributes' of R object __obj__
+ ## -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ ## Arguments: obj: any R object
+ ## -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ ## Author: Martin Maechler, Date: 6 Dec 1996
+
+ is.fn <- func.names[substring(func.names,1,3) == "is."]
+ is.fn <- is.fn[substring(is.fn,1,7) != "is.na<-"]
+ use.fn <- is.fn[ is.na(match(is.fn, not.using))
+ & ! sapply(is.fn, is.method) ]
+
+ r <- if(true.only) character(0)
+ else structure(vector("list", length= length(use.fn)), names= use.fn)
+ for(f in use.fn) {
+ if(any(f == c("is.na", "is.finite"))) {
+ if(!is.list(obj) && !is.vector(obj) && !is.array(obj)) {
+ if(!true.only) r[[f]] <- NA
+ next
+ }
+ }
+ if(any(f == c("is.nan", "is.finite", "is.infinite"))) {
+ if(!is.atomic(obj)) {
+ if(!true.only) r[[f]] <- NA
+ next
+ }
+ }
+ if(debug) cat(f,"")
+ fn <- get(f)
+ rr <- if(is.primitive(fn) || length(formals(fn))>0) fn(obj) else fn()
+ if(!is.logical(rr)) cat("f=",f," --- rr is NOT logical = ",rr,"\n")
+ ##if(1!=length(rr)) cat("f=",f," --- rr NOT of length 1; = ",rr,"\n")
+ if(true.only && length(rr)==1 && !is.na(rr) && rr) r <- c(r, f)
+ else if(!true.only) r[[f]] <- rr
+ }
+ if(debug)cat("\n")
+ if(is.list(r)) structure(r, class = "isList") else r
+ }
> print.isList <- function(x, ..., verbose = getOption("verbose"))
+ {
+ ## Purpose: print METHOD for `isList' objects
+ ## ------------------------------------------------
+ ## Author: Martin Maechler, Date: 12 Mar 1997
+ if(is.list(x)) {
+ if(verbose) cat("print.isList(): list case (length=",length(x),")\n")
+ nm <- format(names(x))
+ rr <- lapply(x, stats::symnum, na = "NA")
+ for(i in seq_along(x)) cat(nm[i],":",rr[[i]],"\n", ...)
+ } else NextMethod("print", ...)
+ }
> is.ALL(NULL)
is.array : .
is.atomic : |
is.call : .
is.character : .
is.complex : .
is.data.frame : .
is.double : .
is.environment : .
is.expression : .
is.factor : .
is.finite : NA
is.function : .
is.infinite :
is.integer : .
is.language : .
is.list : .
is.logical : .
is.matrix : .
is.na : NA
is.name : .
is.nan :
is.null : |
is.numeric : .
is.numeric_version : .
is.object : .
is.ordered : .
is.package_version : .
is.pairlist : |
is.primitive : .
is.qr : .
is.raw : .
is.real : .
is.recursive : .
is.symbol : .
is.table : .
is.vector : .
> ##fails: is.ALL(NULL, not.using = c("is.single", "is.loaded"))
> is.ALL(NULL, true.only = TRUE)
[1] "is.atomic" "is.null" "is.pairlist"
> all.equal(NULL, pairlist())
[1] TRUE
> ## list() != NULL == pairlist() :
> is.ALL(list(), true.only = TRUE)
[1] "is.list" "is.recursive" "is.vector"
> (pl <- is.ALL(pairlist(1, list(3,"A")), true.only = TRUE))
[1] "is.list" "is.pairlist" "is.recursive"
> (ll <- is.ALL( list(1,pairlist(3,"A")), true.only = TRUE))
[1] "is.list" "is.recursive" "is.vector"
> all.equal(pl[pl != "is.pairlist"],
+ ll[ll != "is.vector"])## TRUE
[1] TRUE
> is.ALL(1:5)
is.array : .
is.atomic : |
is.call : .
is.character : .
is.complex : .
is.data.frame : .
is.double : .
is.environment : .
is.expression : .
is.factor : .
is.finite : | | | | |
is.function : .
is.infinite : . . . . .
is.integer : |
is.language : .
is.list : .
is.logical : .
is.matrix : .
is.na : . . . . .
is.name : .
is.nan : . . . . .
is.null : .
is.numeric : |
is.numeric_version : .
is.object : .
is.ordered : .
is.package_version : .
is.pairlist : .
is.primitive : .
is.qr : .
is.raw : .
is.real : .
is.recursive : .
is.symbol : .
is.table : .
is.vector : |
> is.ALL(array(1:24, 2:4))
is.array : |
is.atomic : |
is.call : .
is.character : .
is.complex : .
is.data.frame : .
is.double : .
is.environment : .
is.expression : .
is.factor : .
is.finite : | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
is.function : .
is.infinite : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
is.integer : |
is.language : .
is.list : .
is.logical : .
is.matrix : .
is.na : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
is.name : .
is.nan : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
is.null : .
is.numeric : |
is.numeric_version : .
is.object : .
is.ordered : .
is.package_version : .
is.pairlist : .
is.primitive : .
is.qr : .
is.raw : .
is.real : .
is.recursive : .
is.symbol : .
is.table : .
is.vector : .
> is.ALL(1 + 3)
is.array : .
is.atomic : |
is.call : .
is.character : .
is.complex : .
is.data.frame : .
is.double : |
is.environment : .
is.expression : .
is.factor : .
is.finite : |
is.function : .
is.infinite : .
is.integer : .
is.language : .
is.list : .
is.logical : .
is.matrix : .
is.na : .
is.name : .
is.nan : .
is.null : .
is.numeric : |
is.numeric_version : .
is.object : .
is.ordered : .
is.package_version : .
is.pairlist : .
is.primitive : .
is.qr : .
is.raw : .
is.real : |
is.recursive : .
is.symbol : .
is.table : .
is.vector : |
> e13 <- expression(1 + 3)
> is.ALL(e13)
is.array : .
is.atomic : .
is.call : .
is.character : .
is.complex : .
is.data.frame : .
is.double : .
is.environment : .
is.expression : |
is.factor : .
is.finite : NA
is.function : .
is.infinite : NA
is.integer : .
is.language : |
is.list : .
is.logical : .
is.matrix : .
is.na : .
is.name : .
is.nan : NA
is.null : .
is.numeric : .
is.numeric_version : .
is.object : .
is.ordered : .
is.package_version : .
is.pairlist : .
is.primitive : .
is.qr : .
is.raw : .
is.real : .
is.recursive : |
is.symbol : .
is.table : .
is.vector : |
> is.ALL(substitute(expression(a + 3), list(a=1)), true.only = TRUE)
[1] "is.call" "is.language" "is.recursive"
> is.ALL(y ~ x) #--> NA for is.na & is.finite
is.array : .
is.atomic : .
is.call : |
is.character : .
is.complex : .
is.data.frame : .
is.double : .
is.environment : .
is.expression : .
is.factor : .
is.finite : NA
is.function : .
is.infinite : NA
is.integer : .
is.language : |
is.list : .
is.logical : .
is.matrix : .
is.na : NA
is.name : .
is.nan : NA
is.null : .
is.numeric : .
is.numeric_version : .
is.object : |
is.ordered : .
is.package_version : .
is.pairlist : .
is.primitive : .
is.qr : .
is.raw : .
is.real : .
is.recursive : |
is.symbol : .
is.table : .
is.vector : .
> is0 <- is.ALL(numeric(0))
> is0.ok <- 1 == (lis0 <- sapply(is0, length))
> is0[!is0.ok]
$is.finite
logical(0)
$is.infinite
logical(0)
$is.na
logical(0)
$is.nan
logical(0)
> is0 <- unlist(is0)
> is0
is.array is.atomic is.call is.character
FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE
is.complex is.data.frame is.double is.environment
FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
is.expression is.factor is.function is.integer
FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
is.language is.list is.logical is.matrix
FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
is.name is.null is.numeric is.numeric_version
FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE
is.object is.ordered is.package_version is.pairlist
FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
is.primitive is.qr is.raw is.real
FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
is.recursive is.symbol is.table is.vector
FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE
> ispi <- unlist(is.ALL(pi))
> all(ispi[is0.ok] == is0)
[1] TRUE
> is.ALL(numeric(0), true=TRUE)
[1] "is.atomic" "is.double" "is.numeric" "is.real" "is.vector"
> is.ALL(array(1,1:3), true=TRUE)
[1] "is.array" "is.atomic" "is.double" "is.numeric" "is.real"
> is.ALL(cbind(1:3), true=TRUE)
[1] "is.array" "is.atomic" "is.integer" "is.matrix" "is.numeric"
> is.ALL(structure(1:7, names = paste("a",1:7,sep="")))
is.array : .
is.atomic : |
is.call : .
is.character : .
is.complex : .
is.data.frame : .
is.double : .
is.environment : .
is.expression : .
is.factor : .
is.finite : | | | | | | |
is.function : .
is.infinite : . . . . . . .
is.integer : |
is.language : .
is.list : .
is.logical : .
is.matrix : .
is.na : . . . . . . .
is.name : .
is.nan : . . . . . . .
is.null : .
is.numeric : |
is.numeric_version : .
is.object : .
is.ordered : .
is.package_version : .
is.pairlist : .
is.primitive : .
is.qr : .
is.raw : .
is.real : .
is.recursive : .
is.symbol : .
is.table : .
is.vector : |
> is.ALL(structure(1:7, names = paste("a",1:7,sep="")), true.only = TRUE)
[1] "is.atomic" "is.integer" "is.numeric" "is.vector"
> x <- 1:20 ; y <- 5 + 6*x + rnorm(20)
> lm.xy <- lm(y ~ x)
> is.ALL(lm.xy)
is.array : .
is.atomic : .
is.call : .
is.character : .
is.complex : .
is.data.frame : .
is.double : .
is.environment : .
is.expression : .
is.factor : .
is.finite : NA
is.function : .
is.infinite : NA
is.integer : .
is.language : .
is.list : |
is.logical : .
is.matrix : .
is.na : . . . . . . . . . . . .
is.name : .
is.nan : NA
is.null : .
is.numeric : .
is.numeric_version : .
is.object : |
is.ordered : .
is.package_version : .
is.pairlist : .
is.primitive : .
is.qr : .
is.raw : .
is.real : .
is.recursive : |
is.symbol : .
is.table : .
is.vector : .
> is.ALL(structure(1:7, names = paste("a",1:7,sep="")))
is.array : .
is.atomic : |
is.call : .
is.character : .
is.complex : .
is.data.frame : .
is.double : .
is.environment : .
is.expression : .
is.factor : .
is.finite : | | | | | | |
is.function : .
is.infinite : . . . . . . .
is.integer : |
is.language : .
is.list : .
is.logical : .
is.matrix : .
is.na : . . . . . . .
is.name : .
is.nan : . . . . . . .
is.null : .
is.numeric : |
is.numeric_version : .
is.object : .
is.ordered : .
is.package_version : .
is.pairlist : .
is.primitive : .
is.qr : .
is.raw : .
is.real : .
is.recursive : .
is.symbol : .
is.table : .
is.vector : |
> is.ALL(structure(1:7, names = paste("a",1:7,sep="")), true.only = TRUE)
[1] "is.atomic" "is.integer" "is.numeric" "is.vector"
demo(recursion)
---- ~~~~~~~~~
> ## Adaptive integration: Venables and Ripley pp. 105-110
> ## This is the basic integrator.
>
> area <- function(f, a, b, ..., fa = f(a, ...), fb = f(b, ...), limit
+ = 10, eps = 1.e-5)
+ {
+ h <- b - a
+ d <- (a + b)/2
+ fd <- f(d, ...)
+ a1 <- ((fa + fb) * h)/2
+ a2 <- ((fa + 4 * fd + fb) * h)/6
+ if(abs(a1 - a2) < eps)
+ return(a2)
+ if(limit == 0) {
+ warning(paste("iteration limit reached near x = ",
+ d))
+ return(a2)
+ }
+ area(f, a, d, ..., fa = fa, fb = fd, limit = limit - 1,
+ eps = eps) + area(f, d, b, ..., fa = fd, fb =
+ fb, limit = limit - 1, eps = eps)
+ }
> ## The function to be integrated
>
> fbeta <- function(x, alpha, beta)
+ {
+ x^(alpha - 1) * (1 - x)^(beta - 1)
+ }
> ## Compute the approximate integral, the exact integral and the error
>
> b0 <- area(fbeta, 0, 1, alpha=3.5, beta=1.5)
> b1 <- exp(lgamma(3.5) + lgamma(1.5) - lgamma(5))
> c(b0, b1, b0-b1)
[1] 1.227170e-01 1.227185e-01 -1.443996e-06
> ## Modify the function so that it records where it was evaluated
>
> fbeta.tmp <- function (x, alpha, beta)
+ {
+ val <<- c(val, x)
+ x^(alpha - 1) * (1 - x)^(beta - 1)
+ }
> ## Recompute and plot the evaluation points.
>
> val <- NULL
> b0 <- area(fbeta.tmp, 0, 1, alpha=3.5, beta=1.5)
> plot(val, fbeta(val, 3.5, 1.5), pch=0)
> ## Better programming style -- renaming the function will have no effect.
> ## The use of "Recall" as in V+R is VERY black magic. You can get the
> ## same effect transparently by supplying a wrapper function.
> ## This is the approved Abelson+Sussman method.
>
> area <- function(f, a, b, ..., limit=10, eps=1e-5) {
+ area2 <- function(f, a, b, ..., fa = f(a, ...), fb = f(b, ...),
+ limit = limit, eps = eps) {
+ h <- b - a
+ d <- (a + b)/2
+ fd <- f(d, ...)
+ a1 <- ((fa + fb) * h)/2
+ a2 <- ((fa + 4 * fd + fb) * h)/6
+ if(abs(a1 - a2) < eps)
+ return(a2)
+ if(limit == 0) {
+ warning(paste("iteration limit reached near x =", d))
+ return(a2)
+ }
+ area2(f, a, d, ..., fa = fa, fb = fd, limit = limit - 1,
+ eps = eps) + area2(f, d, b, ..., fa = fd, fb =
+ fb, limit = limit - 1, eps = eps)
+ }
+ area2(f, a, b, ..., limit=limit, eps=eps)
+ }
demo(scoping)
---- ~~~~~~~
> ## Here is a little example which shows a fundamental difference between
> ## R and S. It is a little example from Abelson and Sussman which models
> ## the way in which bank accounts work. It shows how R functions can
> ## encapsulate state information.
> ##
> ## When invoked, "open.account" defines and returns three functions
> ## in a list. Because the variable "total" exists in the environment
> ## where these functions are defined they have access to its value.
> ## This is even true when "open.account" has returned. The only way
> ## to access the value of "total" is through the accessor functions
> ## withdraw, deposit and balance. Separate accounts maintain their
> ## own balances.
> ##
> ## This is a very nifty way of creating "closures" and a little thought
> ## will show you that there are many ways of using this in statistics.
>
> open.account <- function(total) {
+
+ list(
+ deposit = function(amount) {
+ if(amount <= 0)
+ stop("Deposits must be positive!\n")
+ total <<- total + amount
+ cat(amount,"deposited. Your balance is", total, "\n\n")
+ },
+ withdraw = function(amount) {
+ if(amount > total)
+ stop("You don't have that much money!\n")
+ total <<- total - amount
+ cat(amount,"withdrawn. Your balance is", total, "\n\n")
+ },
+ balance = function() {
+ cat("Your balance is", total, "\n\n")
+ }
+ )
+ }
> ross <- open.account(100)
> robert <- open.account(200)
> ross$withdraw(30)
30 withdrawn. Your balance is 70
> ross$balance()
Your balance is 70
> robert$balance()
Your balance is 200
> ross$deposit(50)
50 deposited. Your balance is 120
> ross$balance()
Your balance is 120
> try(ross$withdraw(500)) # no way..
Error in ross$withdraw(500) : You don't have that much money!
In addition: Warning message:
In fn(obj) : is.na() applied to non-(list or vector) of type 'expression'
demo(graphics)
---- ~~~~~~~~
> require(datasets)
> require(grDevices); require(graphics)
> ## Here is some code which illustrates some of the differences between
> ## R and S graphics capabilities. Note that colors are generally specified
> ## by a character string name (taken from the X11 rgb.txt file) and that line
> ## textures are given similarly. The parameter "bg" sets the background
> ## parameter for the plot and there is also an "fg" parameter which sets
> ## the foreground color.
>
>
> x <- stats::rnorm(50)
> opar <- par(bg = "white")
> plot(x, ann = FALSE, type = "n")
> abline(h = 0, col = gray(.90))
> lines(x, col = "green4", lty = "dotted")
> points(x, bg = "limegreen", pch = 21)
> title(main = "Simple Use of Color In a Plot",
+ xlab = "Just a Whisper of a Label",
+ col.main = "blue", col.lab = gray(.8),
+ cex.main = 1.2, cex.lab = 1.0, font.main = 4, font.lab = 3)
> ## A little color wheel. This code just plots equally spaced hues in
> ## a pie chart. If you have a cheap SVGA monitor (like me) you will
> ## probably find that numerically equispaced does not mean visually
> ## equispaced. On my display at home, these colors tend to cluster at
> ## the RGB primaries. On the other hand on the SGI Indy at work the
> ## effect is near perfect.
>
> par(bg = "gray")
> pie(rep(1,24), col = rainbow(24), radius = 0.9)
> title(main = "A Sample Color Wheel", cex.main = 1.4, font.main = 3)
> title(xlab = "(Use this as a test of monitor linearity)",
+ cex.lab = 0.8, font.lab = 3)
> ## We have already confessed to having these. This is just showing off X11
> ## color names (and the example (from the postscript manual) is pretty "cute".
>
> pie.sales <- c(0.12, 0.3, 0.26, 0.16, 0.04, 0.12)
> names(pie.sales) <- c("Blueberry", "Cherry",
+ "Apple", "Boston Cream", "Other", "Vanilla Cream")
> pie(pie.sales,
+ col = c("purple","violetred1","green3","cornsilk","cyan","white"))
> title(main = "January Pie Sales", cex.main = 1.8, font.main = 1)
> title(xlab = "(Don't try this at home kids)", cex.lab = 0.8, font.lab = 3)
> ## Boxplots: I couldn't resist the capability for filling the "box".
> ## The use of color seems like a useful addition, it focuses attention
> ## on the central bulk of the data.
>
> par(bg="cornsilk")
> n <- 10
> g <- gl(n, 100, n*100)
> x <- rnorm(n*100) + sqrt(as.numeric(g))
> boxplot(split(x,g), col="lavender", notch=TRUE)
> title(main="Notched Boxplots", xlab="Group", font.main=4, font.lab=1)
> ## An example showing how to fill between curves.
>
> par(bg="white")
> n <- 100
> x <- c(0,cumsum(rnorm(n)))
> y <- c(0,cumsum(rnorm(n)))
> xx <- c(0:n, n:0)
> yy <- c(x, rev(y))
> plot(xx, yy, type="n", xlab="Time", ylab="Distance")
> polygon(xx, yy, col="gray")
> title("Distance Between Brownian Motions")
> ## Colored plot margins, axis labels and titles. You do need to be
> ## careful with these kinds of effects. It's easy to go completely
> ## over the top and you can end up with your lunch all over the keyboard.
> ## On the other hand, my market research clients love it.
>
> x <- c(0.00, 0.40, 0.86, 0.85, 0.69, 0.48, 0.54, 1.09, 1.11, 1.73, 2.05, 2.02)
> par(bg="lightgray")
> plot(x, type="n", axes=FALSE, ann=FALSE)
> usr <- par("usr")
> rect(usr[1], usr[3], usr[2], usr[4], col="cornsilk", border="black")
> lines(x, col="blue")
> points(x, pch=21, bg="lightcyan", cex=1.25)
> axis(2, col.axis="blue", las=1)
> axis(1, at=1:12, lab=month.abb, col.axis="blue")
> box()
> title(main= "The Level of Interest in R", font.main=4, col.main="red")
> title(xlab= "1996", col.lab="red")
> ## A filled histogram, showing how to change the font used for the
> ## main title without changing the other annotation.
>
> par(bg="cornsilk")
> x <- rnorm(1000)
> hist(x, xlim=range(-4, 4, x), col="lavender", main="")
> title(main="1000 Normal Random Variates", font.main=3)
> ## A scatterplot matrix
> ## The good old Iris data (yet again)
>
> pairs(iris[1:4], main="Edgar Anderson's Iris Data", font.main=4, pch=19)
> pairs(iris[1:4], main="Edgar Anderson's Iris Data", pch=21,
+ bg = c("red", "green3", "blue")[unclass(iris$Species)])
> ## Contour plotting
> ## This produces a topographic map of one of Auckland's many volcanic "peaks".
>
> x <- 10*1:nrow(volcano)
> y <- 10*1:ncol(volcano)
> lev <- pretty(range(volcano), 10)
> par(bg = "lightcyan")
> pin <- par("pin")
> xdelta <- diff(range(x))
> ydelta <- diff(range(y))
> xscale <- pin[1]/xdelta
> yscale <- pin[2]/ydelta
> scale <- min(xscale, yscale)
> xadd <- 0.5*(pin[1]/scale - xdelta)
> yadd <- 0.5*(pin[2]/scale - ydelta)
> plot(numeric(0), numeric(0),
+ xlim = range(x)+c(-1,1)*xadd, ylim = range(y)+c(-1,1)*yadd,
+ type = "n", ann = FALSE)
> usr <- par("usr")
> rect(usr[1], usr[3], usr[2], usr[4], col="green3")
> contour(x, y, volcano, levels = lev, col="yellow", lty="solid", add=TRUE)
> box()
> title("A Topographic Map of Maunga Whau", font= 4)
> title(xlab = "Meters North", ylab = "Meters West", font= 3)
> mtext("10 Meter Contour Spacing", side=3, line=0.35, outer=FALSE,
+ at = mean(par("usr")[1:2]), cex=0.7, font=3)
> ## Conditioning plots
>
> par(bg="cornsilk")
> coplot(lat ~ long | depth, data = quakes, pch = 21, bg = "green3")
> par(opar)
demo(image)
---- ~~~~~
> require(datasets)
> require(grDevices); require(graphics)
> x <- 10*(1:nrow(volcano)); x.at <- seq(100, 800, by=100)
> y <- 10*(1:ncol(volcano)); y.at <- seq(100, 600, by=100)
> # Using Terrain Colors
>
> image(x, y, volcano, col=terrain.colors(100),axes=FALSE)