[Feature] Expose configuration options for intelligent CLI defaults

[antross]

As we keep adding more special-case handling to our default configuration I think we should start considering how we can do this in a way that's easier to extend.

Today once someone adds their own .hintrc file they lose the benefits of this conditional logic. E.g. if someone extends web-recommended then output in CI will look different than before and they won't be able to analyze file system paths. They can certainly replicate these behaviors by passing different config files to hint themselves depending on the context, but the sudden change in functionality may be surprising.

Originally posted in #2893 (review)