| layout | title |
|---|---|
default |
web.py 0.2 tutorial |
{{OldVersionWarning("/tutorial3.en")}}
So you know Python and want to make a website. web.py provides the code to make that easy.
If you want to do the whole tutorial, you'll need to have installed Python, web.py, flup, psycopg2, and Postgres (or equivalent database and Python driver). For details, see webpy.org.
If you have an existing web.py project, take a look at the upgrade page for info on migrating.
Let's get started.
The most important part of any website is its URL structure. Your URLs aren't just the thing that your visitors see and email to their friends, they also provide a mental model of how your website works. On popular sites like del.icio.us, the URLs are even part of the user interface. web.py makes it easy to make great URLs.
To get started with your web.py application, open up a new text file (let's call it code.py) and type:
import web
This imports the web.py module.
Now we need to tell web.py our URL structure. Let's start out with something simple:
urls = (
'/', 'index',
'', 'index' )
The first part is a regular expressions that matches a URL, like /, /help/faq, /item/(\d+), etc. (i.e. \d+ would match a sequence of digits). The parentheses say to capture that piece of the matched data for use later on. The second part is the name of a class to send the request to, like index, view, welcomes.hello (which gets the hello class of the welcomes module), or get_\1. \1 is replaced by the first capture of your regular expression; any remaining captures get passed to your function.
This line says we want the URL / (i.e. the front page) to be handled by the class named index.
Now we need to write the index class. While most people don't notice it just browsing around, your browser uses a language known as HTTP for communicating with the World Wide Web. The details aren't important, but the basic idea is that Web visitors ask web servers to perform certain functions (like GET or POST) on URLs (like / or /foo?f=1).
GET is the one we're all familiar with, the one used to request the text of a web page. When you type harvard.edu into your web browser, it literally asks the Harvard web server to GET /. The second-most famous, POST, is often used when submitting certain kinds of forms, like a request to purchase something. You use POST whenever the act of submitting a request does something (like charge your credit card and process an order). This is key, because GET URLs can be passed around and indexed by search engines, which you definitely want for most of your pages but definitely don't want for things like processing orders (imagine if Google tried to buy everything on your site!).
In our web.py code, we make the distinction between the two clear:
class index:
def GET(self):
print "Hello, world!"
This GET function will now get called by web.py anytime some makes a GET request for /.
Alright, now we just need to finish up with a final line telling web.py to start serving web pages:
if __name__ == "__main__": web.run(urls, globals())
This tells web.py to serve the URLs we listed above, looking up the classes in the global namespace of this file.
Now notice that although I've been talking a lot here, we only really have five or so lines of code. That's all you need to make a complete web.py application. If you go to your command line and type:
$ python code.py
Launching server: http://0.0.0.0:8080/
You now have your web.py application running a real web server on your computer. Visit that URL and you should see "Hello, world!" (You can add an IP address/port after the "code.py" bit to control where web.py launches the server. You can also tell it to run a fastcgi or scgi server.)
Note: You can specify the port number to use on the command line like this if you can't or don't want to use the default:
$ python code.py 1234
web.py also has a few tools to help us with debugging. Before the if __name__ on last line, add:
web.webapi.internalerror = web.debugerror
This will give you more helpful error messages. And on the last line add web.reloader so that it reads:
if __name__ == "__main__": web.run(urls, globals(), web.reloader)
This tells web.py to use the web.reloader "middleware" (middleware is a wrapper function to add some functionality to your web server) which reloads your files whenever you edit them, so that you can see the changes in your web browser right away. (For some serious changes, though, you'll still have to restart the server.) You'll probably want to take this out when you make your site public, but it's great while developing. There's also web.profiler, which outputs information about how much time each function took at the end of each web page, so that you can make your code faster.
Writing HTML from inside Python can get cumbersome; it's much more fun to write Python from inside HTML. Luckily, web.py makes that pretty easy.
Note: Old versions of web.py used Cheetah templates. You are, of course, welcome to use that or any other software with web.py, but it is no longer officially supported.
Let's make a new directory for our templates (we'll call it templates). Inside, make a new file whose name ends with HTML (we'll call it index.html). Now, inside, you can just write normal HTML:
<em>Hello</em>, world!
Or you can use web.py's templating language to add code to your HTML:
$def with (name)
$if name:
I just wanted to say <em>hello</em> to $name.
$else:
<em>Hello</em>, world!
Note: Currently, four spaces are required for indentation.
As you can see, the templates look a lot like Python files except for the def with statement at the top (saying what the template gets called with) and the $s placed in front of any code. Currently, template.py requires the $def statement to be the first line of the file. Also, note that web.py automatically escapes any variables used here, so that if for some reason name is set to a value containing some HTML, it will get properly escaped and appear as plain text. If you want to turn this off, write $:name instead of $name.
Now go back to code.py. Under the first line, add:
render = web.template.render('templates/')
This tells web.py to look for templates in your templates directory. Then change index.GET to:
name = 'Bob'
print render.index(name)
('index' is the name of the template and 'name' is the argument passed to it)
Visit your site and it should say hello to Bob.
Development tip: Add , cache=False to the end of your render call to have web.py reload your templates every time you visit the page.
But let's say we want to let people enter their own name in. Replace the two lines we added above with:
i = web.input(name=None)
print render.index(i.name)
Visit / and it should say hello to the world. Visit /?name=Joe and it should say hello to Joe.
Of course, having that ? in the URL is kind of ugly. Instead, change your URL line at the top to:
'/(.*)', 'index'
and change the definition of index.GET to:
def GET(self, name):
print render.index(name)
and delete the line setting name. Now visit /Joe and it should say hello to Joe.
If you wish to learn more about web.py templates, vist the templetor page.
Note: Before you can start using a database, make sure you have the appropriate database library installed. For MySQL databases, use MySQLdb and for Postgres use psycopg2.
Above your web.run line add:
web.config.db_parameters = dict(dbn='postgres', user='username', pw='password', db='dbname')
(Adjust these -- especially username, password, and dbname -- for your setup. MySQL users will also want to change dbn definition to mysql.)
If you're running a web application, that's all you need to do -- web.py will automatically handle connecting and disconnecting from the database. But if you're working from the command line or starting your own thread, you need to call web.load() to connect and web.unload() to disconnect.
Using your database engines admin interface, create a simple table in your database:
CREATE TABLE todo (
id serial primary key,
title text,
created timestamp default now(),
done boolean default 'f' );
And an initial row:
INSERT INTO todo (title) VALUES ('Learn web.py');
Return to editing code.py and change index.GET to the following, replacing the entire function:
def GET(self):
todos = web.select('todo')
print render.index(todos)
and change back the URL handler to take just / as in:
'/', 'index',
Edit and replace the entire contents of index.html so that it reads:
$def with (todos)
<ul>
$for todo in todos:
<li id="t$todo.id">$todo.title</li>
</ul>
Visit your site again and you should see your one todo item: "Learn web.py". Congratulations! You've made a full application that reads from the database. Now let's let it write to the database as well.
At the end of index.html, add:
<form method="post" action="add">
<p><input type="text" name="title" /> <input type="submit" value="Add" /></p>
</form>
And change your URLs list to read:
'/', 'index',
'/add', 'add'
(You've got to be very careful about those commas. If you omit them, Python adds the strings together and sees '/index/addadd' instead of your list of URLs!)
Now add another class:
class add:
def POST(self):
i = web.input()
n = web.insert('todo', title=i.title)
web.seeother('/')
(Notice how we're using POST for this?)
web.input gives you access to any variables the user submitted through a form.
Note: In order to access data from multiple identically-named items, in a list format (e.g.: a series of check-boxes all with the attribute name="name") use:
post_data=web.input(name=[])
web.insert inserts values into the database table todo and gives you back the ID of the new row. seeother redirects users to that URL.
Some quick additional notes: web.transact() starts a transaction. web.commit() commits it; web.rollback() rolls it back. web.update works just like web.insert except instead of returning the ID it takes it (or a string WHERE clause) after the table name.
web.input, web.query, and other functions in web.py return "Storage objects", which are just like dictionaries except you can do d.foo in addition to d['foo']. This really cleans up some code.
You can find the full details on these and all the web.py functions in the documentation.
This ends the tutorial for now. Take a look at the documentation for lots more cool stuff you can do with web.py.