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Chapter10 Summary

Here are the main points of Chapter 10:

1.C++0x adds support for the long long int, a 64-bit integer. There is also a corre- sponding unsigned long long int type. In declaring variables of either type, the int keyword is optional.

    long long x = 0;
    unsigned long long y = 0;

2.For numeric literals outside the range of long integers, C++0x provides new numeric literal prefixes: LL for long long and ULL for unsigned long long.

    long long x = 1230004560012LL;

3.The atoll function takes string input and returns a long long (64-bit) integer.

4.This for syntax is simplest if you don’t need to alter contents of the container during the loop.

    for(int n : my_array)   // Print each member of my_array
        cout << n << endl;

5.Use an ampersand (&) in the variable declaration if you want to enable change of values.

    for(int& n : my_array)      // Set each member of my_array to 0
        n = 0;

6.The auto keyword declares a data item in which the type is determined by con- text. (But once declared, the type is fixed.) For example:

    int my_int_array[NUM_ITEMS];
    
    for (auto x : my_int_array)     // x has int type
        cout << x << endl;

7.The decltype keyword returns the type of its argument.

8.Use the nullptr keyword to initialize a pointer that “points nowhere.”

    int *p = nullptr;

9.C++0x supports both weak and strong enum (enumerated types). Use of enum class (see the following example) creates a strongly typed set of enumerated val- ues in which a separate namespace is created and values cannot be assigned to or from another integer type without a cast.

    enum class type_name { symbols };

10.When using this version (strongly typed), remember the symbols listed are in a separate namespace and have to be referred to with class scope, unless you have a using namespace statement. For example:

    enum class Choice { rock, paper, scissors };
    Choice player = Choice::rock;
    using namespace Choice;
    Choice comp = scissors;     // Now this is ok.

11.The R prefix is used in C++0x complaint compilers to permit raw string literals in which no character needs to be escaped, not even quote marks (") and back- slashes (). The sequences "( and )" delimit the string. Here is the general syntax:

    R"( raw-string-text )"