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</div> <div id="footer"> <h1>Ogden Area Linux User Group</h1> <h2><a class="reference external" href="http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html">http://www.faqs.org/docs/Linux-HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html</a></h2> </div> </div> <div class="presentation"> <div class="slide" id="slide0"> <h1 class="title">Ogden Area Linux User Group</h1> <h2 class="subtitle" id="compiling-a-custom-kernel">Compiling a Custom Kernel</h2> <table class="docinfo" frame="void" rules="none"> <col class="docinfo-name" /> <col class="docinfo-content" /> <tbody valign="top"> <tr class="field"><th class="docinfo-name">Presenter:</th><td class="field-body">Seth House</td> </tr> <tr><th class="docinfo-name">Date:</th> <td>2009-03-31</td></tr> </tbody> </table>

</div> <div class="slide" id="what-is-the-linux-kernel"> <h1>What is the Linux kernel?</h1>  <p class="handout">The kernel is Linux.</p> <blockquote class="handout"> <p>In computing, the kernel is the central component of most computer operating systems. Its responsibilities include managing the system's resources (the communication between hardware and software components). As a basic component of an operating system, a kernel provides the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources (especially memory, processors and I/O devices) that application software must control to perform its function.</p> <p class="attribution">—<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(computer_science</a>)</p> </blockquote> </div> <div class="slide" id="why-compile-it-yourself"> <h1>Why Compile it Yourself?</h1> <p class="handout">Chances are you don't need to compile your own kernel.</p> <p class="handout">Compiling some drivers (e.g. ATI or Nvidia graphics drivers, VirtualBox or VMware kernel modules) require kernel headers to be installed. If you only need the headers, you don’t need to compile your own kernel. If your kernel headers aren’t installed, consult your distro’s documentation.</p> <blockquote class="handout"> <p>Kernel headers are C header files which provide some definitions of the low-level kernel ABI, to be shared between the kernel and userspace programs. Most userspace programs should not include kernel headers; they are only intended to be used directly by system libraries and low-level tools and daemons.</p> <p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">headers_install</span></tt> command, when executed in the kernel's source tree, exports the kernel's header files in a form suitable for use by userspace programs.</p> <p>When exported, most kernel headers reside in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/include/asm</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/include/linux</span> <span class="pre">directories</span></tt>.</p> <p class="attribution">—<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_header#Kernel_headers">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_header#Kernel_headers</a></p> </blockquote> <div class="sidebar"> <p class="first sidebar-title">kernel headers</p> <p class="last">Kernel headers are sometimes needed to compile certain drivers.</p> </div> <ul class="incremental simple"> <li>You want to know how to do it.</li> <li>You are doing kernel development.</li> <li>You don’t want to wait for new drivers/features/fixes to make it to your favorite Linux distribution.</li> <li>You want to apply a patch, maybe to modify some driver.</li> <li>You are blind and want TTS to begin right as Linux boots. (<a class="reference external" href="http://www.linux-speakup.org/">Speakup</a>)</li> <li>You’re trying to wring every last micro-second from your bootup time.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="slide" id="where-do-you-get-it"> <h1>Where Do You Get It?</h1> <p class="handout">Get it from kernel.org.</p> <blockquote class="handout"> <p>The old scheme (after 1.0 and prior to version 2.6):</p> <blockquote> <ul class="simple"> <li>The A number denotes the kernel version. It is rarely changed, and only when major changes in the code and the concept of the kernel occur. It has been changed twice in the history of the kernel: In 1994 (version 1.0) and in 1996 (version 2.0).</li> <li>The B number denotes the major revision of the kernel<ul> <li>The kernel used the traditional even-odd system version numbering system.</li> </ul> </li> <li>The C number indicates the minor revision of the kernel. This number was changed when security patches, bug fixes, new features or drivers were implemented in the kernel.</li> </ul> </blockquote> <p>After the release of 2.6.0 (Dec 2003[34]) it was realized that a much shorter release cycle would be beneficial. Since then:</p> <blockquote> <ul class="simple"> <li>A and B are largely irrelevant</li> <li>C is the version of the kernel</li> </ul> </blockquote> <p class="attribution">—<a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_header#Version_numbering">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_header#Version_numbering</a></p> </blockquote> <p><a class="reference external" href="http://kernel.org/">http://kernel.org/</a></p> <ol class="incremental arabic simple"> <li>Untar the source in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/src/</span></tt>.</li> <li>Symlink the new directory to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/src/linux</span></tt>.</li> </ol> </div> <div class="slide" id="quick-overview"> <h1>Quick Overview</h1> <p class="handout"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mrproper</span></tt> refers to the Procter & Gamble product, Mr. Proper, which is the European (at least Finnish/German/Czech) branding for Mr. Clean <a class="footnote-reference" href="#id2" id="id1">[1]</a>.</p> <blockquote class="handout"> <p>“…‘make clean’ is simple soap wash, ‘make mrproper’ cleans also tougher stains by using stronger solvents…”</p> <p class="attribution">—<a class="reference external" href="http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0101.3/0295.html">http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0101.3/0295.html</a></p> </blockquote> <table class="handout docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id2" rules="none"> <colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id1">[1]</a></td><td><a class="reference external" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Clean#Mr._Clean_in_popular_culture">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Clean#Mr._Clean_in_popular_culture</a></td></tr> </tbody> </table> <ol class="incremental arabic simple"> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">mrproper</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">all</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">modules_install</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cp</span> <span class="pre">./arch/i386/boot/bzimage</span> <span class="pre">/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.27.7</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cp</span> <span class="pre">./.config</span> <span class="pre">/boot/config-2.6.27.7</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cp</span> <span class="pre">./System.map</span> <span class="pre">/boot/System.map-2.6.27.7</span></tt></li> <li>Make symlinks to the files in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/boot</span></tt> as needed.</li> <li>Configure grub or LILO.</li> <li>Reboot to test.</li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">clean</span></tt> (optional, to free up disk space)</li> </ol> </div> <div class="slide" id="create-the-config-file"> <h1>Create the Config File</h1> <p class="handout">Your best bet is to start with a copy of your distro’s kernel config file. This step is optional, but it will save you a lot of time and give you a kernel that is most like one that your distro ships.</p> <p class="handout">The file usually lives in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/boot/config</span></tt> (it may be a symlink). Or if you already have other kernel sources installed look for a hidden file in the base directory (e.g. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/src/linux-2.6.26.6/.config</span></tt>). Or you may have to hunt it down in your distro’s packages.</p> <p class="handout">If you’re using a config file for an older kernel version you’ll want to start by running <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">oldconfig</span></tt>. It will ask you a bunch of questions about things that have changed between kernel versions; generally the default answer is fine.</p> <p class="handout">Using the graphical config utility is easiest for users unfamiliar with the process. The new <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xconfig</span></tt> option uses the QT libraries, the older <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gconfig</span></tt> uses the GTK libraries.</p> <p class="sidebar">Copy the config <em>after</em> running <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">mrproper</span></tt> or it will be deleted.</p> <ol class="incremental arabic simple"> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cp</span> <span class="pre">/boot/config</span> <span class="pre">/usr/src/linux/.config</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">oldconfig</span></tt></li> <li>Tweak any configuration options<ul> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">config</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">menuconfig</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">xconfig</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">gconfig</span></tt></li> </ul> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="slide" id="how-can-you-uninstall-an-old-version"> <h1>How Can You Uninstall an Old Version?</h1> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rm</span> <span class="pre">-r</span> <span class="pre">/lib/modules/2.6.27.7</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rm</span> <span class="pre">/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.27.7</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rm</span> <span class="pre">/boot/config-2.6.27.7</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">rm</span> <span class="pre">/boot/System.map-2.6.27.7</span></tt></li> </ol> </div> <div class="slide" id="patching-an-existing-source-tree"> <h1>Patching an Existing Source Tree</h1> <p class="handout">Sometimes you already have a kernel source tree on your system and would rather download a smaller patch than a whole new source tar-ball.</p> <ol class="incremental arabic simple"> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cd</span> <span class="pre">/usr/src/linux-2.6.26</span></tt></li> <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gzip</span> <span class="pre">-dc</span> <span class="pre">patch-2.6.27.gz</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">patch</span> <span class="pre">-p0</span></tt></li> </ol> </div> <div class="slide" id="some-nomenclature"> <h1>Some Nomenclature</h1> <dl class="docutils"> <dt>vmlinuz</dt> <dd>The compressed built kernel that has been made bootable.</dd> <dt>vmlinux</dt> <dd>The vmlinux is the uncompressed built kernel.</dd> <dt>bzImage</dt> <dd>The compressed kernel image created with command <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">bzImage</span></tt> during kernel compile.</dd> <dt>System.map</dt> <dd>A “phone directory” list of function in a particular build of a kernel. If you use the wrong (or no) System.map, debugging crashes is harder (kernel oopses), but has no other effects.</dd> </dl>  </div> </div> </body> </html>

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