title	description	tags
Linux	My Linux note about server and something...	skills

Overview

This is a linux documents using debian 10

View it on HACKMD: https://hackmd.io/@wilicw/linuxSkills

Linux Distribution : Debian 10

[TOC]

---

Configuration

Timezone

Change timezone

sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Taipei

Show timezone

ls -l /etc/localtime

Host

Change hostname

sudo vim /etc/hostname

Users

Add user

sudo useradd -m -d "/home/username" -s /bin/bash username

Python script (add users)

import os

os.system("groupadd groupName")

for i in range(1, 51): # 1~50
    username = ""
    password = ""
    name = "{}{:02d}".format(username, i)
    os.system("useradd -s /bin/bash {}".format(name))
    os.system("usermod -aG sudo {}".format(name)) # in fedora sduo calls wheel
    os.system("usermod -aG gourpName {}".format(name))
    os.system("echo \"{}:{}\" | chpasswd".format(name, password))

Remove user

sudo userdel -r username

Change Password via shell script

echo "username:password" | chpasswd

Set user password to empty

sudo passwd -d [username]

User change password expiration time

sudo chage -m 999 [username]

Execute a script when user logout

Edit /home/user/.bash_logout

#!/bin/bash
# shell script

Allow root using Gnome Desktop

Edit /etc/gdm3/daemon.conf

[security]
...
AllowRoot=true
...

Edit /etc/pam.d/gdm-password

# auth required pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet_success
# comment this line

Groups

New group

sudo groupadd group_kawaii_no_joshi_shougakusei_name

Change Folder group

sudo chgrp group_name folder_name

Config group admin

sudo gpasswd group_name

Add group admin

sudo gpasswd -A username group_name

Remove user from group

• Only group admin or root can do it

sudo gpasswd -d group_user group_name

Add User in group

• Only group admin or root cna do it

sudo gpasswd -a username group_name

Bashrc for group

Edit /etc/profile

if [ `id -ng` = "the_cool_group_name" ] ; then
    # do stuff for people in the_cool_group
fi

Network

main file: /etc/network/interfaces

Interface

Change interface name to old syntax (ens33 -> eth0)

vim /etc/default/grub

Add net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0 into GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX

...
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0"
...

Update grub

sudo update-grub

force to clean ip of interface

ip addr flush dev eth0

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

renew a dhcp ip

dhclient

auto eth0
    iface eth0 inet dhcp 

Static

iface eth0 inet static
    address 192.168.0.7
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    gateway 192.168.0.254 

Mutliple addresses

auto eth0:0
iface eth0:0 inet static
    address 192.168.0.7
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    gateway 192.168.0.254 

auto eth0:1
iface eth0:1 inet static
    address 192.168.0.8
    netmask 255.255.255.0
    gateway 192.168.0.254 

PPPoE

auto dsl-provider
iface dsl-provider inet ppp
pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up # line maintained by pppoeconf
provider dsl-provider

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet manual 

DNS

Edit /etc/resolv.conf

nameserver 8.8.8.8

Link aggregation

sudo apt install ifenslave # Install ifenslave
sudo modprobe bonding
sudo echo 'bonding' >> /etc/modules

Add bond0 in /etc/network/interfaces

auto bond0
iface bond0 inet dhcp
    bond-mode 1
    bond-primary eth0
    bond-slaves eth0 eth1
    bond-millmon 100
    bond-downdelay 400
    bond-updelat 800

sudo ifdown eth0 eth1
sudo systemctl restart networking

NTP Time setting

sudo apt install ntpdate # Install ntpdate tool
sudo ntpdate [ntp server ip]
sudo hwclock -w # Write time into BIOS

Crontab

Basic Configuration

Allow some users use crontab

Edit /etc/cron.allow

User1
User2

Deny some users use crontab

Edit /etc/cron.deny

User3
User4

Level: Allow > Deny

List jobs

crontab -l

Remove all jobs

crontab -r

Add jobs

Edit User's crontab

crontab -e

or Edit System's crontb in /etc/crontab as root

Format

* * * * * command
| | | | |
| | | | ----- Day of week (0 - 7) (Sunday=0 or 7)
| | | ------- Month (1 - 12)
| | --------- Day of month (1 - 31)
| ----------- Hour (0 - 23)
------------- Minute (0 - 59)

* 
n,m n and m
n-m n to m
/n every n

Example

* */12 * * * shutdown -r now
# every 12 hours restart computer

Other crontab command

@reboot command # run command in reboot

@yearly command # run command every year same as 0 0 1 1 * command

@monthly command # run command every month same as 0 0 1 * * command

@weekly command # run command every week same as 0 0 * * 1 command

@daily command # run command every day same as 0 0 * * * command

@hourly command # run command every hour same as 0 * * * * command

Quota

• Limiting the disk space

Basic setting

Edit /etc/fstab

# Original configuration
/dev/sda2    /home        ext4        defaults            1        1

# Add usrquota
/dev/sda2    /home        ext4        defaults,usrquota   1        1

Remount

sudo mount -o remount /home

Create aquota.user and aquota.group file

sudo quotacheck -cum /home
cd /home
sudo quotacheck -avugfm

Load config

sudo quotaoff -a # shutdown all quota services
sudo quotaon -avug # start quota and load all config file

Limiting one user home folder space

Setting up User disk limit

sudo edquota -u User

# Edit blocks it will automatic calculate inodes part

# Unit `KB` 0 is no limit

#    Disk quotas for user User (uid 1001):
#      Filesystem                   blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard
#      /dev/sda2                      1024       1000       1024          3        0        0

Setting soft limit time

sudo edquota -t

#    Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
#    Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
#      Filesystem             Block grace period     Inode grace period
#      /dev/sda2                     7days                  7days

Get quota reports

sudo repquota -au

#    *** Report for user quotas on device /dev/sda2
#    Block grace time: 7days; Inode grace time: 7days
#                            Block limits                File limits
#    User            used    soft    hard  grace    used  soft  hard  grace
#    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
#    root      --      20       0       0              2     0     0
#    wilicw    --  301532       0       0           3378     0     0
#    User      +-    1024    1000    1024  6days       3     0     0

Systemd

Create a new Daemon

Create a shell script in any folder

Create and edit /etc/systemd/system/service-name.service

[Unit]
Description=Service desc

[Service]
ExecStart=/root/your-script.sh
Restart=always

[Install]
WantedBy=default.target

Enable the service

sudo systemctl enable service-name

Shell

Limited history

Edit ~/.bashrc

HISTSIZE=100
HISTFILESIZE=100
# saving the last 100 commands in history file

Auto logout

Edit ~/.bashrc

TMOUT=60
# 60 sec

---

Server

Web

Nginx

Install nginx

sudo apt install nginx

Start nginx in startup

sudo systemctl enable nginx

Authentication

Using htpasswd command

sudo apt install apache2-utils

Create password file in /var/www/.passwd via htpasswd

htpasswd -c /var/www/.passwd user0

Adding more user in passwd file

htpasswd /var/www/.passwd user1

Configuring nginx

# restric /admin but allow /admin/pubic
location /secret {
    auth_basic "Administrator’s Area";
    auth_basic_user_file /var/www/.passwd;

    location /public/ {
        auth_basic off;
    }
}

IP address restriction

# allow 192.168.1.0/24 but deny 192.168.1.2
location /private {
    deny  192.168.1.2;
    allow 192.168.1.1/24;
    allow 127.0.0.1;
    deny  all;
}

Load Balancer

upstream myweb {
    server 192.168.10.1 weight=3;
    server 192.168.10.2 weight=2;
}

SSH Server

sudo apt install openssh-server # Install ssh
sudo systemctl enable ssh
sudo systemctl start ssh

config file in /etc/ssh/sshd_config

PermitRootLogin no # Disable root login

AllowUsers user1 user2 # Only allow user1 and user2 login

PasswordAuthentication yes # Use password login

Port 22 # Use 22 port

MaxAuthtries 10 # Max 10 times login try

Match User test3
    Banner /etc/Bannertest3 # Only user test3 show banner 

Fail to ban

sudo apt install fail2ban

Edit /etc/fail2ban/jail.local

[sshd]
    enabled = true 
    port = ssh
    filter = sshd
    maxretry = 3
    findtime = 600 
    bantime = 600

sudo systemctl restart fail2ban 

MFA

Generating RSA Key pair in client pc

ssh-keygen

Copy rsa id to server

ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa root@127.0.0.1

Edit Server side config

# commit this line
# PasswordAuthentication yes
PubKeyAuthenication yes
AuthenicationMethods publickey, password

NAT Server (Network Address Translation)

Enable ip forward setting

sudo sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

Forward enable at evey boot

Edit /etc/sysctl.conf

...
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

If want to allow PPTP passthrough. Run modprobe ip_nat_pptp

See NFTables

DHCP Server

sudo apt install isc-dhcp-server # Install DHCP

Add interface name in /etc/default/isc-dhcp-server

INTERFACES="eth0"

Edit /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

    default-lease-time 600;
    max-lease-time 7200;
	
    subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
        range 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.200;
        option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
        option domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8, 1.1.1.1;
        option routers 192.168.1.1;
    }
    # IP range 192.168.0.100-200
    # Netmask 255.255.255.0
    # Nameserver 8.8.8.8 1.1.1.1
    # Default gateway 192.168.1.1

Assign IP

    host android {
        hardware ethernet 08:00:27:11:EB:C2; # MAC Address
        fixed-address 192.168.100.30; # Static IP
    }

Restart dhcp server

sudo /etc/init.d/isc-dhcp-server restart

Show dhcp client

cat /var/lib/dhcp/dhcpd.leases

DHCP helper

sudo apt install dhcp-helper

Edit /etc/default/dhcp-helper

# Option flags used to start dhcp-helper.
#
# You will need at least "-s " or
# "-b so that dhcp-helper knows where
# to relay DHCP requests.
#
# See "man 8 dhcp-helper" for more details.
DHCPHELPER_OPT="-s 192.168.10.2"

Forward all dhcp requests traffic to 192.168.10.2

DNS Server

sudo apt install bind9 dnsutils # Install dns server and test tools

Zone: skills39.co

Edit /etc/bind/named.conf.loacl

zone "skills39.co" IN {
    type master;
    file "/etc/bind/skills39.co.db";
    allow-update {
        none;
    };
};

And edit /etc/bind/skills39.co.db

$TTL 60
@    IN    SOA    ns.skills39.co. root.skills39.co. (
    20
    60
    86400
    86400
    60
)
; Name Server
        IN    NS    ns.skills39.co
ns      IN    A     10.0.13.212

; A Record
@       IN    A    10.0.13.244
www     IN    A    10.0.13.244

Restart DNS server

sudo systemctl restart bind9

Test DNS server

dig skills39.cc

Output

; <<>> DiG 9.10.3-P4-Debian <<>> skills39.co
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 114
;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 1, ADDITIONAL: 2
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
skills39.co.                      IN      A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
skills39.co.              60      IN      A       10.0.13.212
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
skills39.co.              60      IN      NS      ns.skills39.co.
;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns.skills39.co.           60      IN      A       10.0.13.212
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 127.0.0.1#53(127.0.0.1)
;; WHEN: Fri Apr 12 12:27:43 CST 2019
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 88                              

IPtables

Overview

iptables is replace by nftables

more at #nftables

Allow lookback

sudo iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT

sudo iptables -A OUTPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT

Block IP

sudo iptables -A INPUT -s [ip]/[CIDR] -j DROP

NAT

Clean up the old setting

sudo iptables -F
sudo iptables -t nat -F
sudo iptables -t mangle -F
sudo iptables -X

NAT configuration via iptables

echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4_forward
sudo iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
# Allow loopback
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 0.0.0.0/0 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

NAT

Edit /etc/sysctl.conf

...

net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

Port Forwarding

IN interface: ens33

forward 8080 port to 192.168.1.20:80

sudo iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -i ens33 --dport 8080 -j DNAT --to 192.168.1.20:80
sudo iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport 80 -d 192.168.1.20 -j ACCEPT
# Forward tcp/8080 to 192.168.1.20:80

NFTables

Overview

Configration file at /etc/nftables.conf

Install

sudo apt install nftables

Enable nftables at boot

sudo systemctl enable nftables

NAT

Basic

Edit config file

table ip nat {
    chain prerouting {
        type nat hook prerouting priority -100;
    }
    chain postrouting {
        type nat hook postrouting priority -100;
    }
}

SNAT

Edit /etc/nftables.conf

add rule nat postrouting masquerade
add rule nat postrouting ip saddr 192.168.0.0/24 oif eth1 snat 10.0.0.1

# all traffic from 192.168.0.0/24 will be forward to eth1 and ip masquerade as 10.0.0.1 

DNAT

Forward eth0 80 port to 192.168.1.2:80

add rule nat prerouting iif eth0 tcp dport { 80 } dnat 192.168.1.2

Samba Server

sudo apt install samba # Install samba server

Edit /etc/samba/smb.conf

[global]
    log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
[file]
    comment = File share
    path = /home/file
    read only = yes
    public = yes
[user]
    comment = User home file
    path = /home/user
    read only = no
    writable = yes
    public = yes

Add samba user

sudo smdpasswd -a user  # User should exist in system

FTP Server

sudo apt install vsftpd # Install vsftpd (ftp server)

Add /etc/vsftpd.conf

# Enable write access
write_enable=YES

Users

Add /etc/vsftpd.conf

userlist_file=/etc/vsftpd.userlist
userlist_enable=YES

Create /etc/vsftpd.userlist

Only User1 User2 User3 can access ftp server

User1
User2
User3

Anonymous

Create /var/ftp and allow all user read

mkdir /var/ftp # Create ftp
chmod 555 /var/ftp # Read only
chown ftp.ftp /var/ftp/ # Change group to ftp

Edit /etc/vsftpd.conf

anon_root=/var/ftp
anonymous_enable=YES
no_anon_password=YES

# Enable anonymous writing permission
anon_upload_enable=YES
anon_other_write_enable=YES
anon_mkdir_write_enable=YES

Edit /etc/vsftpd.userlist

anonymous

Configuration

Banner

banner_file=/var/ftp/bannerFile.txt

Restart vsftpd service

sudo systemctl restart vsftpd

NTP Server

sudo apt install ntp # Install ntp

Edit /etc/ntp.conf

# NTP server in stdtime.gov.tw
pool tock.stdtime.gov.tw iburst
pool watch.stdtime.gov.tw iburst
pool time.stdtime.gov.tw iburst
pool clock.stdtime.gov.tw iburst
pool tick.stdtime.gov.tw iburst

# allow 10.0.0.0/8 use this ntp server
restrict 10.0.0.0 mask 255.0.0.0

Restart ntp server

sudo systemctl restart ntp

---

Commands

find

-name file name you want to find -regex use Regex to find with name -exec trigger a command when target meet the criteria -empty find empty file

Common use

find . -name "a.txt" -exec rm {} \; #find file named 'a.txt' and delete it 

tar

c add file in tar file (no compress) x decompress or unpack a file from tar t show file in tar z use gzip (with compress) f name.tgz output a file named name.tgz

Common use

tar -czvf file.tgz file/

---

Others

Logrotate

Edit /etc/logrotate.d/log

/path/to/your/rails/current/log/*.log {
  daily # daily backup
  dateext # record date time
  missingok 
  rotate 65535 # keep 65535
  compress # using gzip compress
  delaycompress
  notifempty
  copytruncate
}

Run Level

Overviews

0 shutdown

1 single user (no network)

2 multiple user (no network)

3 multiple user with network

4 ?

5 multiple user with gui

6 Reboot

Change run level to X

sudo init X

edit /etc/inittab to change default run level

Show run level

sudo runlevel

CA on Nginx

Install openssl package

sudo apt install openssl

Generate a private key and request file

openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout server.key -out server.csr

Common Name is your domain name

You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:
Locality Name (eg, city) []:
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:
Email Address []:

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:

Use Windows Server AD CS to auth this request file and get a public key

Rename the public key

mv certnew.crt server.pem

Edit nginx config file

sudo vim /etc/nginx/sies-avaliable/default

Add ssl configuration

ssl on;
ssl_certificate /[path]/server.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /[path]/server.key;

Restart nginx services

sudo systemctl restart nginx

CA on Apache

sudo apt install openssl

# enable ssl mod
sudo a2enmod ssl

openssl genrsa -out private.key 2048

openssl req -new -key private.key -out public.csr

Copy public.csr and rename to public.crt

mv public.csr public.crt

Move public.crt to /etc/ssl/certs

cp public.scr /etc/ssl/certs/

Move private.key /etc/ssl/private

cp private.key /etc/ssl/private/

Modify /etc/apache2/site-available/ssl.conf

SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/public.crt
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/private.key
SSLCACertificatePath /etc/ssl/certs/
SSLCACertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/[Intermediate Certificate].crt  #If using a self-signed certificate, omit this line

Building Linux Kernel

• Use root to do following step

Initialization

Download source code

cd ~
wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.2.2.tar.xz # get kernel source code
mkdir /usr/src/kernel
tar xvf linux-5.2.2.tar.xz
mv linux-5.2.2 /usr/src/kernel

Install tools

apt install flex libffi-dev build-essential libncurses5-dev libssl-dev ccache gcc make

Compile

cd /usr/src/kernel/linux-5.2.2
make mrproper
make clean
make menuconfig
make all
# Wait for 2 hours

Install kernel

make modules_install
make install
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
reboot

---

Documents

SSH

• sshd_config

FTP

• vsftp

Nginx

• nginx documentation