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sofp-essay2.lyx
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\pdf_title "The Science of Functional Programming: A Tutorial, with Examples in Scala"
\pdf_author "Sergei Winitzki"
\pdf_subject "Functional programming"
\pdf_keywords "Functional programming, Scala, Type theory, Category theory, Formal logic, Programming languages"
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\index Index
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\begin_body
\begin_layout Addchap
Essay: Software engineers and software artisans
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Let us examine what we ordinarily understand by
\emph on
engineering
\emph default
as opposed to artisanship or craftsmanship.
It will then become apparent that today's computer programmers must be
viewed as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
software artisans
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
rather than software engineers.
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
The book reviewed in
\family typewriter
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target "https://www.developerdotstar.com/mag/bookreviews/bitner_craftsmanship.html"
literal "false"
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proposes a different definition of
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
software artisans
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
than this book, but agrees that software developers work largely as artisans.
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Addsec
Engineering disciplines
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Consider the way mechanical engineers, chemical engineers, or electrical
engineers work, and look at the studies they require for becoming proficient
in their fields.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A mechanical engineer studies calculus, linear algebra, differential geometry,
and several areas of physics such as theoretical mechanics, thermodynamics,
and elasticity theory,
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family typewriter
\begin_inset CommandInset href
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target "https://www.colorado.edu/mechanical/academics/undergraduate-program/curriculum"
literal "false"
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\end_inset
and then uses calculations to guide the design of a bridge.
A chemical engineer studies chemistry, thermodynamics, calculus, linear
algebra, differential equations, some areas of physics such as thermodynamics
and kinetic theory,
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family typewriter
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literal "false"
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\end_layout
\end_inset
and uses calculations to guide the design of a chemical process.
An electrical engineer studies advanced calculus, linear algebra, and several
areas of physics such as electrodynamics and quantum theory,
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\family typewriter
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
target "http://archive.is/XYLyE"
literal "false"
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and uses calculations to design an antenna or a microchip.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The common pattern is that engineers use mathematics and natural sciences
in order to create new devices.
Mathematical calculations and scientific reasoning are performed
\emph on
before
\emph default
designing or building a real machine.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Some of the studies required for engineers include arcane abstract concepts
such as the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
Fourier transform of the delta function
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
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\end_layout
\end_inset
and the
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
inverse
\begin_inset Formula $Z$
\end_inset
-transform
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
\begin_inset Foot
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\begin_inset CommandInset href
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in digital signal processing,
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rank 4 tensors
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in calculations of elasticity of materials,
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\end_inset
Lagrangians with non-holonomic constraints
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in robotics, and the
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Gibbs free energy
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in chemical reactor design.
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\begin_layout Standard
To be sure, a significant part of what engineers do is not covered by any
theory: the
\emph on
know-how
\emph default
, the informal reasoning, the traditional knowledge passed on from expert
to novice, — all those skills that are hard to formalize are important.
Nevertheless, engineering is crucially based on natural science and mathematics
for some of its decision-making about new designs.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Addsec
Artisanship: Trades and crafts
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Now consider what kinds of things shoemakers, plumbers, or home painters
do, and what they have to learn in order to become proficient in their
profession.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A novice shoemaker, for example, begins by copying some drawings
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target "https://youtu.be/cY5MY0czMAk?t=141"
literal "false"
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\end_inset
and goes on to cutting leather in a home workshop.
Apprenticeships proceed via learning by doing, with comments and instruction
from an expert.
After a few years of study (for example, a painter apprenticeship in California
can be as short as two years
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target "http://www.calapprenticeship.org/programs/painter_apprenticeship.php"
literal "false"
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\end_layout
\end_inset
), a new artisan is ready to start productive work.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
All trades operate entirely from tradition and practical experience.
It takes a prolonged learning effort to become a good artisan in any profession.
But the trades do not require academic study because there is no formal
theory from which to proceed.
There are no Fourier transforms applied to delta functions, no Lagrangians
with non-holonomic constraints, no fourth rank tensors to calculate, nor
any differential equations to solve.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Artisans do not study science or mathematics because their professions do
not make use of any formal theory for guiding their designs or processes.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Addsec
Programmers today are artisans, not engineers
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Programmers are
\emph on
not engineers
\emph default
in the sense normally used in the engineering professions.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
No requirements of licensing or formal study
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Mechanical, electrical, chemical engineers are required to pass a license
exam to become certified to work.
The license exam certifies that the person is proficient in applying a
known set of engineering tools and methods.
But in software engineering, no certifications or licenses are required
for the job (although many certification programs exist).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Working software engineers are also not required to have studied software
engineering or computer science (CS).
According to a recent Stack Overflow survey,
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\end_inset
about 56% of working programmers have no CS degree.
The author of this book is a self-taught programmer who has degrees in
physics but never formally studied CS or taken any academic courses in
algorithms, data structures, computer networks, compilers, programming
languages, or other standard CS topics.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
A large fraction of successful programmers have no college degrees and perhaps
\emph on
never
\emph default
studied formally.
They acquired all their knowledge and skills through self-study and practical
work.
A prominent example is Robert C.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Martin
\begin_inset Index idx
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\begin_layout Plain Layout
Robert C.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Martin
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
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an outspoken guru in the arts of programming.
He routinely refers to programmers as artisans
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\end_inset
and uses the appropriate imagery: novices and masters, trade and craft,
the honor of the guild, etc.
He compares programmers to plumbers, electricians, lawyers, and surgeons,
but never to mathematicians, physicists, or engineers of any kind.
According to one of his blog posts,
\begin_inset Foot
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he started working at age 17 as a self-taught programmer.
He never went to college and holds no degrees.
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\end_inset
It is clear that R.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
C.
\begin_inset space ~
\end_inset
Martin
\emph on
is
\emph default
an expert craftsman and that he did
\emph on
not
\emph default
need academic study to master the craft of programming.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Here is another opinion
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literal "false"
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\end_inset
(emphasis is theirs):
\end_layout
\begin_layout Quotation
\size small
Software Engineering is unique among the STEM careers in that it absolutely
does
\emph on
not
\emph default
require a college degree to be successful.
It most certainly does not require licensing or certification.
\emph on
It requires experience
\emph default
.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
This description fits a career in crafts — but certainly not a career, say,
in electrical engineering.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
The high demand for software developers gave rise to
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
developer boot camps
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
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— vocational schools that educate new programmers in a few months through
purely practical training, with no formal theory or mathematics involved.
These vocational schools are successful
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in job placement.
But it is unimaginable that a
\begin_inset Formula $6$
\end_inset
-month crash course or even a
\begin_inset Formula $2$
\end_inset
-year vocational school could prepare engineers to work successfully on
designing, say, analog quantum computers
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without ever learning quantum physics or calculus.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
No mathematical formalism guides software development
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
Most books on software engineering contain no formulas or equations, no
mathematical derivations, and no precise definitions of the various technical
terms they are using (such as
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
object-oriented
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset Quotes eld
\end_inset
module's responsibilities
\begin_inset Quotes erd
\end_inset
).
Some of those books
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E.g.,
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