Simplified Line-Input Crystal-Encoding System

This software implementes Simplified Line-Input Crystal-Encoding System (SLICES), the first invertible and invariant crystal representation.

It has several main functionalities:

• Encode crystal structures into SLICES strings
• Reconstruct original crystal structures from their SLICES strings (Text2Crystal)
• Generate crystals with desired properties using conditional RNN (Inverse Design)

Developed by Hang Xiao 2023.04 xiaohang07@live.cn

Nature Communications [Paper] [SLICES晶体语言视频介绍][SLICES101] [Data/Results][Source code]

We also provide a codeocean capsule (a modular container for the software environment along with code and data, that runs in a browser), allowing one-click access to guaranteed computational reproducibility of SLICES's benchmark. [Codeocean Capsule]

Table of Contents

• Installation
• Examples
  • Crystal to SLICES and SLICES to crystal
  • Augment SLICES and canonicalize SLICES
• 视频教程
• Tutorials
  • Video Tutorials
  • Jupyter backend setup
  • Tutorial 1. Examples
  • Tutorial 2. Inverse Design Case Study
  • Tutorial 3. Inverse Design with cRNN
• Documentation
• Reproduction of benchmarks
  • General setup
  • Reconstruction benchmark for MP-20
  • Reconstruction benchmark for MP-21-40
  • Reconstruction benchmark for QMOF-21-40
  • Material generation benchmark
  • Property optimization benchmark
• Citation
• Contact

Installation

conda create --name slices python=3.9
conda activate slices
pip install tensorflow==2.15.0
pip install slices
#If you're in China, use this command instead: "pip install tensorflow==2.15.0 -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple".
#If you're in China, use this command instead: "pip install slices -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple".

Please note that this installtion method is intended for Linux operating systems like Ubuntu and CentOS. Unfortunately, SLICES is not directly compatible with Windows or MacOS due to the modified XTB binary was compiled on Linux. To run SLICES on Windows or MacOS, one can run SLICES with docker, referring to Jupyter backend setup.

If "TypeError: bases must be types" occurs when you use SLICES library, then do this:

pip install protobuf==3.20.0

If errors still occur, then you can run SLICES with docker, referring to Jupyter backend setup.

Examples

Crystal to SLICES and SLICES to crystal

Converting a crystal structure to its SLICES string and converting this SLICES string back to its original crystal structure. Suppose we wish to convert the crystal structure of NdSiRu (mp-5239,https://next-gen.materialsproject.org/materials/mp-5239?material_ids=mp-5239) to its SLICES string and converting this SLICES string back to its original crystal structure. The python code below accomplishes this:

from invcryrep.invcryrep import InvCryRep
from pymatgen.core.structure import Structure
# obtaining the pymatgen Structure instance of NdSiRu
original_structure = Structure.from_file(filename='NdSiRu.cif')
# creating an instance of the InvCryRep Class (initialization)
backend=InvCryRep()
# converting a crystal structure to its SLICES string
slices_NdSiRu=backend.structure2SLICES(original_structure) 
# converting a SLICES string back to its original crystal structure and obtaining its M3GNet_IAP-predicted energy_per_atom
reconstructed_structure,final_energy_per_atom_IAP = backend.SLICES2structure(slices_NdSiRu)
print('SLICES string of NdSiRu is: ',slices_NdSiRu)
print('\nReconstructed_structure is: ',reconstructed_structure)
print('\nfinal_energy_per_atom_IAP is: ',final_energy_per_atom_IAP,' eV/atom')
# if final_energy_per_atom_IAP is 0, it means the M3GNet_IAP refinement failed, and the reconstructed_structure is the ZL*-optimized structure.

Augment SLICES and canonicalize SLICES

Converting a crystal structure to its SLICES string and perform data augmentation (2000x), then reduce these 2000 SLICES to 1 canonical SLICES with get_canonical_SLICES.

from invcryrep.invcryrep import InvCryRep
from pymatgen.core.structure import Structure
from pymatgen.analysis.structure_matcher import StructureMatcher, ElementComparator
# obtaining the pymatgen Structure instance of Sr3Ru2O7
original_structure = Structure.from_file(filename='Sr3Ru2O7.cif')
# creating an instance of the InvCryRep Class (initialization)
backend=InvCryRep(graph_method='econnn')
# converting a crystal structure to its SLICES string and perform data augmentation (2000x)
slices_list=backend.structure2SLICESAug(structure=original_structure,num=2000) 
slices_list_unique=list(set(slices_list))
cannon_slices_list=[]
for i in slices_list_unique:
    cannon_slices_list.append(backend.get_canonical_SLICES(i))
# test get_canonical_SLICES
print(len(slices_list),len(set(cannon_slices_list)))
# 2000 SLICES generated by data augmentation has been reduced to 1 canonical SLICES

视频教程

Tutorials

Video Tutorials

Jupyter backend setup

(1) Download this repo and unzipped it.

(2) Put Materials Project's new API key in "APIKEY.ini".

(3) Edit "CPUs" in "slurm.conf" to set up the number of CPU threads available for the docker container.

(4) Run following commands in terminal (Linux or WSL2 Ubuntu on Win11)

# Download SLICES_docker with pre-installed SLICES and other relevant packages. 
docker pull xiaohang07/slices:v8.1   
# Make entrypoint_set_cpus.sh executable 
sudo chmod +x entrypoint_set_cpus_jupyter.sh
# Repalce "[]" with the absolute path of this repo's unzipped folder to setup share folder for the docker container.
docker run -it -p 8888:8888 -h workq --shm-size=0.5gb --gpus all -v /[]:/crystal xiaohang07/slices:v8.1 /crystal/entrypoint_set_cpus_jupyter.sh

(5) Press CTRL (or Command on Mac) and click the link that starts with http://127.0.0.1 in your terminal (highlighted in yellow in the image below). This will open the Jupyter notebook in your web browser. Click on the Tutorial_*.ipynb file to load the relevant tutorial notebook.

Tutorial 1. Examples

Tutorial 2. Inverse Design Case Study

Tutorial 3. Inverse Design with cRNN

Documentation

The SLICES documentation is hosted at read-the-docs.

Reproduction of benchmarks

Reproduction of benchmarks and inverse design case study using a docker image [as an example]. One can run these calculaitons without the docker environment but one need to edit the *.pbs files to make sure the job management system on your PC/HPC work.

General setup

Download this repo and unzipped it.

Put Materials Project's new API key in "APIKEY.ini".

Edit "CPUs" in "slurm.conf" to set up the number of CPU threads available for the docker container.

docker pull xiaohang07/slices:v8.1   # Download SLICES_docker with pre-installed SLICES and other relevant packages. 
# Make entrypoint_set_cpus.sh executable 
sudo chmod +x entrypoint_set_cpus.sh
# Repalce "[]" with the absolute path of this repo's unzipped folder to setup share folder for the docker container.
docker run  -it --privileged=true -h workq --gpus all --shm-size=0.1gb  -v /[]:/crystal -w /crystal xiaohang07/slices:v8.1 /crystal/entrypoint_set_cpus.sh

Reconstruction benchmark for MP-20

Convert MP-20 dataset to json (cdvae/data/mp_20 at main · txie-93/cdvae. GitHub. https://github.com/txie-93/cdvae (accessed 2023-03-12))

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_MP-20/get_json/0_get_mp20_json
python 0_mp20.py

Rule out unsupported elements

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_MP-20/get_json/1_element_filter
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Convert to primitive cell

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_MP-20/get_json/2_primitive_cell_conversion
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Rule out crystals with low-dimensional units (e.g. molecular crystals or layered crystals)

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_MP-20/get_json/3_3d_filter
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Calculate reconstruction rate of IAP-refined structures, ZL*-optimized structures, rescaled structures under strict and coarse setting.

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_MP-20/matchcheck3
python 1_ini.py
#After running python 1_ini.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect_grid_new.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect_grid_new.py to get "results_collection_matchcheck3.csv"

Calculate reconstruction rate of IAP-refined structures, ZL*-optimized structures, IAP-refined rescaled structures, rescaled structures under strict and coarse setting.

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_MP-20/matchcheck4
python 1_ini.py
#After running python 1_ini.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect_grid_new.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect_grid_new.py to get "results_collection_matchcheck4.csv"

Reproduction of Table 1: the table below illustrates the correspondence between the data in "results_collection_matchcheck4.csv" and the match rates of SLI2Cry for the filtered MP-20 dataset (40,330 crystals) presented in Table 1.

Setting	Rescaled Structure	𝑍𝐿∗-Optimized Structure	IAP-Refined Structure	IAP-Refined Rescaled Structure
Strict	std_match_sum	opt_match_sum	opt2_match_sum	std2_match_sum
Loose	std_match2_sum	opt_match2_sum	opt2_match2_sum	std2_match2_sum

Reproduction of Table 2: the match rate of SLI2Cry for the MP-20 dataset (45,229 crystals) = opt2_match2_sum*40330/45229.

Reconstruction benchmark for MP-21-40

Download entries to build the filtered MP-21-40 dataset

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_MP-21-40/0_get_json_mp_api
python 0_mp21-40_dataset.py
!!! If “mp_api.client.core.client.MPRestError: REST query returned with error status code” occurs. The solution is:
pip install -U mp-api

Rule out crystals with low-dimensional units (e.g. molecular crystals or layered crystals) in general dataset

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_MP-21-40/0_get_json_mp_api/1_filter_prior_3d
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Calculate reconstruction rate of IAP-refined structures, ZL*-optimized structures, rescaled structures under strict and coarse setting.

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_MP-21-40/matchcheck3
python 1_ini.py
#After running python 1_ini.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect_grid_new.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect_grid_new.py to get results.

Reproduction of Table S1: the table below illustrates the correspondence between the data in "results_collection_matchcheck3.csv" and the match rates of SLI2Cry for the filtered MP-21-40 dataset (23,560 crystals) presented in Table S1.

Setting	Filtered MP-21-40
Strict	opt2_match_sum
Loose	opt2_match2_sum

Reconstruction benchmark for QMOF-21-40

Extract MOFs with 21-40 atoms per unit cells in QMOF database to build the QMOF-21-40 dataset ( Figshare: https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/QMOF_Database/13147324 Version 14)

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_QMOF-21-40/get_json/0_get_mof_json
python get_json.py

Rule out unsupported elements

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_QMOF-21-40/get_json/1_element_filter
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Convert to primitive cell

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_QMOF-21-40/get_json/2_primitive_cell_conversion
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Rule out crystals with low-dimensional units (e.g. molecular crystals or layered crystals)

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_QMOF-21-40/get_json/3_3d_filter
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Calculate reconstruction rate of IAP-refined structures, ZL*-optimized structures, rescaled structures under strict and coarse setting.

cd /crystal/benchmark/Match_rate_QMOF-21-40/matchcheck3
python 1_ini.py
#After running python 1_ini.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect_grid_new.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect_grid_new.py to get results.

Reproduction of Table S1: the table below illustrates the correspondence between the data in "results_collection_matchcheck3.csv" and the match rates of SLI2Cry for the filtered QMOF-21-40 dataset (339 MOFs) presented in Table S1.

Setting	Filtered QMOF-21-40
Strict	opt2_match_sum
Loose	opt2_match2_sum

Material generation benchmark

Convert MP-20 dataset to json (cdvae/data/mp_20 at main · txie-93/cdvae. GitHub. https://github.com/txie-93/cdvae (accessed 2023-03-12))

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/0_get_json/0_get_mp20_json
python 0_mp20.py

Rule out unsupported elements

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/0_get_json/1_element_filter
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Convert to primitive cell

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/0_get_json/2_primitive_cell_conversion
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Rule out crystals with low-dimensional units (e.g. molecular crystals or layered crystals)

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/0_get_json/3_3d_filter
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Convert crystal structures in datasets to SLICES strings and conduct data augmentation

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/1_unconditioned_RNN/1_augmentation
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect.py to get results.

Train unconditional RNN; sample 10000 SLICES strings

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/1_unconditioned_RNN/2_train_sample
sh 0_train_prior_model.sh

Modify ./workflow/2_sample_HTL_model_100x.py to define the number of SLICES to be sampled

sh 1_sample_in_parallel.sh
#After running sh 1_sample_in_parallel.sh, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py to get results.

Removing duplicate edges in SLICES strings to fix the syntax error

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/1_unconditioned_RNN/3_fix_syntax_check
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py to get results.

Reconstruct crystal structures from SLICES strings and calculate the number of reconstructed crystals (num_reconstructed)

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/1_unconditioned_RNN/4_inverse
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py to get results.
!!! In order to address the potential memory leaks associated with M3GNet, we implemented a strategy of 
restarting the Python script at regular intervals, with a batch size of 30.
python count.py #calculate the number of reconstructed crystals (num_reconstructed)

Evaluate the compositional validity of the reconstructed crystals and calculate the number of compositionally valid reconstructed crystals (num_comp_valid)

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/1_unconditioned_RNN/5_check_comp_valid
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py to get results.
python count.py # calculate the number of compositionally valid reconstructed crystals (num_comp_valid)

Evaluate the structural validity of the reconstructed crystals and calculate the number of structurally valid reconstructed crystals (num_struc_valid)

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/1_unconditioned_RNN/6_check_struc_validity
python 1_splitRun.py
#After running python 1_splitRun.py, the computation is only submitted to the queue, 
# not completed. To monitor the progress of the computation, use the qstat command. 
#If all tasks are marked with a status of "C", it indicates that the computation has finished.
python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py
#After the computation are finished, running python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py to get results.
python count.py # calculate the number of compositionally valid reconstructed crystals (num_struc_valid)

Reproduction of Table 3: Structural validity (%) = num_struc_valid/num_reconstructed*100 Compositional validity (%) = num_comp_valid/num_reconstructed*100

Property optimization benchmark

(1) Convert crystal structures in datasets to SLICES strings and conduct data augmentation

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/2_conditioned_RNN/1_augmentation
python 1_splitRun.py # wait for jobs to finish (using qstat to check)
python 2_collect.py

(2) Train conditional RNN

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/2_conditioned_RNN/2_train_sample
sh 0_train_prior_model.sh

(3) Sample 1000 SLICES strings with $E_{form}$ target = -4.5 eV/atom Modify ./settings.ini to define the $E_{form}$ target and the number of SLICES to be sampled

sh 1_sample_in_parallel.sh # wait for jobs to finish (using qstat to check)
python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py

(4) Removing duplicate edges in SLICES strings to fix the syntax error

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/2_conditioned_RNN/3_fix_syntax_check
python 1_splitRun.py # wait for jobs to finish (using qstat to check)
python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py

(5) Reconstruct crystal structures from SLICES strings and calculate the number of reconstructed crystals (num_reconstructed)

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/2_conditioned_RNN/4_inverse
python 1_splitRun.py # wait for jobs to finish (using qstat to check)
python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py
!!! In order to address the potential memory leaks associated with M3GNet, we implemented a strategy of 
restarting the Python script at regular intervals, with a batch size of 30.
python count.py #calculate the number of reconstructed crystals (num_reconstructed)

(6) Evaluate the formation energy distribution of the reconstructed crystals with the M3GNet model

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/2_conditioned_RNN/5_eform_m3gnet
python 1_splitRun.py # wait for jobs to finish (using qstat to check)
python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py
python 3_normal_distri_plot.py # plot the formation energy distribution (M3GNet) of the reconstructed crystals 

(7) Evaluate the formation energy distribution of the reconstructed crystals at PBE level (took less than 1 day to finish with 36*26 cores HPC; need to tweak the ./workflow/0_EnthalpyOfFormation*.py to deal with some tricky cases of VASP cell optimization)

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/2_conditioned_RNN/6_eform_PBE
python 1_splitRun.py # wait for jobs to finish (using qstat to check)
python 2_collect_clean_glob_details.py
python 3_normal_distri_plot.py # plot the formation energy distribution (PBE) of the reconstructed crystals 

(8) Reproduction of Table 3: Calculate SR5, SR10, SR15 in Table S1 using formation energies (at PBE level) of crystals generated with a target of -4.5 eV/atom

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/2_conditioned_RNN/7_calculate_FigureS2c
python calculate_SR5-10-15_TableS1.py # SR5, SR10, SR15 are printed in the terminal

(9) Reproduction of Fig. S2c: Repeat step (3-6) with $E_{form}$ target = -3.0, -4.0, -5.0, -6.0 eV/atom. Extract formation energy distributions from "results_5_eform_m3gnet.csv" in step (6) and transfer the data to "/crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/2_conditioned_RNN/7_calculate_FigureS2c/energy_formation_m3gnet_lists.csv". Then:

cd /crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/2_conditioned_RNN/7_calculate_FigureS2c
python plot_FigureS1c.py # get Fig. S2c as test3.svg

The formation energy distributions with $E_{form}$ target = -3.0, -4.0, -5.0, -6.0 eV/atom can be accessed from "/crystal/benchmark/Validity_rate_ucRNN__Success_rate_cRNN/2_conditioned_RNN/Other_targets/3_eform_*".

Citation

Please consider citing the following paper if you find our code & data useful.

@article{xiao2023invertible,
  title={An invertible, invariant crystal representation for inverse design of solid-state materials using generative deep learning},
  author={Xiao, Hang and Li, Rong and Shi, Xiaoyang and Chen, Yan and Zhu, Liangliang and Chen, Xi and Wang, Lei},
  journal={Nature Communications},
  volume={14},
  number={1},
  pages={7027},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London}
}

Contact and Support

Start a new discussion thread in [Discussion], or reach out to Hang Xiao (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Hang-Xiao-8) xiaohang07@live.cn if you have any questions.