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元类编程

元类让你来定义某些类是如何被创建的,从根本上说,赋予你如何创建类的控制权。示例1,它在用元类创建一个类时,显示时间标签。

#!/usr/bin/env python
from time import ctime

class MetaC(type):
    def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrd):
        super(MetaC, cls).__init__(name, bases, attrd)
        print '*** Created class %r at: %s' % (name, ctime())

class Foo(object):
    __metaclass__ = MetaC

    def __init__(self):
        print '*** Instantiated class %r at: %s' % (self.__class__.__name__, ctime())

f = Foo()

输出:

*** Created class 'Foo' at: Wed Feb  9 11:50:37 2011
*** Instantiated class 'Foo' at: Wed Feb  9 11:50:37 2011

示例2,将创建一个元类,要求程序员在他们写的类中提供一个__str__()方法的实现。

#!/usr/bin/env python
from warnings import warn

class ReqStrSugRepr(type):
    def __init__(cls, name, bases, attrd):
        super(ReqStrSugRepr, cls).__init__(name, bases, attrd)

        if '__str__' not in attrd:
            raise TypeError("Class requires overriding of __str__()")

        if '__repr__' not in attrd:
            warn('Class suggests overriding of __repr__()\n', stacklevel=3)

class Foo(object):
    __metaclass__ = ReqStrSugRepr

    def __str__(self):
        return 'Instance of class:', self.__class__.__name__

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.__class__.__name__

class Bar(object):
    __metaclass__ = ReqStrSugRepr

    def __str__(self):
        return 'Instance of class:', self.__class__.__name__

class FooBar(object):
    __metaclass__ = ReqStrSugRepr

输出:

sys:1: UserWarning: Class suggests overriding of __repr__()

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/zhangjun/workspace/try/src/try.py", line 29, in <module>
    class FooBar(object):
  File "/home/zhangjun/workspace/try/src/try.py", line 9, in __init__
    raise TypeError("Class requires overriding of __str__()")
TypeError: Class requires overriding of __str__()

简单说明一下,定义元类ReqStrSugRepr,如果没有__str__()方法的实现,则会抛出一个异常,而如果没有__repr__()方法的实现,则会打印出一个UserWarning。Foo 定义成功的;定义Bar 时,提示警告__repr__()未实现;FooBar 的创建没有通过安全检查,以致程序最后没有打印出关于FooBar 的Traceback。