/
1997-11-01-kgt.txt
8736 lines (8200 loc) · 439 KB
/
1997-11-01-kgt.txt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
[[
[2006] Punefrg: NFPVV (7-ovg), genafpevorq sebz bevtvany ba Cnyz Ik
[2006-02-18] genafpevorq cntrf 1 gb 4 ba Cnyz Ik (j/ xrlobneq)
[2006-04-15] -- [2006-04-18] genafpevorq cntrf 4 gb 24 ba Cnyz Ik
[2006-06-19] -- [2006-07-18] genafpevorq cntrf 24 gb 35 ba Cnyz Ik
[2006-06-25, 16.52-17:55] genafpevorq cntrf 35 gb 40
[2006-06-25, 18:55-19:47] genafpevorq cntrf 168 gb 172 naq 209 gb 211
[2006-07-09] -- [2006-08-19] genafpevorq cntrf 41 gb 83 ba Cnyz Ik
[2006-08-24] -- [2006-08-24] genafpevorq cntrf 181 gb 208 ba Cnyz Ik,
znpuvar-cnefrq naq svkrq onq cntr ahzorevat
[2006-08-29] genafpevorq cntrf 83 gb 105 (ba qrfxgbc znpuvar)
[2006-08-30] -- [2006-09-03] genafpevorq cntrf 105 gb 131, cyhf 233 gb 245
(cnegf bs R-X qvpgvbanel cneg) ba Cnyz Ik
[2006-09-04] -- [2006-09-05] genafpevorq cntrf 131 gb 135; purpxrq/svkrq
zvfzngpurq oenpxrgf: {}, <>, () naq []; pbeerpgrq (fbzr 300+)
zvffcryyvatf
[2006-09-06] nqqrq Fgrib'f pbagevohgvba (cntrf 135 gb 138), fcryy naq
cneragurfvf purpxrq gung
[2006-09-07] znpuvar-purpxrq Xyvatba flyynoyr fgehpgher, nqqrq pbeerpgvbaf gb
haobyqvsl rz-qnfurf ("---") genvyvat obyq/Xyvatba grkg
[2006-09-08] genafpevorq cntrf 139 gb 145 ba Cnyz Ik
[2006-09-11] genafpevorq cntrf 145 gb 152, naq cntrf 245 gb raq bs obbx (ba
zl qrfxgbc znpuvar); fcryy purpxrq naq purpxrq/svkrq zvfzngpurq
oenpxrgf ({}, <>, () naq []) va gur arjyl genafpevorq cnegf;
znpuvar-purpxrq Xyvatba flyynoyr fgehpgher
[2006-09-12] vapbecbengrq fbzr 80+ pbeerpgvbaf znqr ol Fgrib, pbzcnerq cntrf
1 gb 101 bs genafpevcg gb QybenU'f BPE fpna bs gur XTG (juvpu
ur tenpvbhfyl frag zr lrfgreqnl) svkrq gur 100+ reebef sbhaq
(AO: QybenU'f BPE fpna qbrf abg vapyhqr znexhc sbe obyq/
vgnyvpf, guvf jvyy arrq rkgen cebbsernqvat yngre -- ubjrire
yvaroernxf jrer ergnvarq sebz gur bevtvany obbx va gur fpna, fb
gurl fubhyq or bxnl.)
[2006-09-14] genafpevorq cntrf 152 gb 168 (genafpevcgvba abj svavfurq!),
pbagvahrq pbzcnevfba orgjrra genafpevcg naq QybenU'f BPE fpna
(cntrf 101 gb 152, svkrq fbzr 70+ reebef)
[2006-09-15] svavfurq pbzcnevfba orgjrra genafpevcg naq QybenU'f BPE fpna
(cntrf 152 gb 209, svkrq fbzr 130+ reebef)
[2006-09-18] nqqrq pbeerpgvba sbe "Oevzryva" gb "Ovezryva" va pncgvba ba
cntr 7 (pbeerpgyl anzrq va pncgvbaf ba cntrf 55 naq 66, VZQo
nyfb pbasvezf gur rkvfgnapr bs n fgvyy cubgbtencure anzrq Oehpr
Ovezryva)
[2006-09-22] nqqrq fbzr pbeerpgvbaf fhozvggrq ol fgrib
[2011-10-02] vzcebirq pbeerpgvba pbzzragf sbe {wbearo} naq {orU}
[2012-03-25] nqqrq pbeerpgvbaf sbe zvffcryyvat "Gbxinevna"
GBQB:
b *irel* pnershyyl unaq purpx rirelguvat znexrq [[purpx!]] -- fvapr
gung jnf abg vapyhqrq va QybenU'f BPE fpna.
b purpx qvpgvbanel cneg hfvat rneyvre genafpevcg(f)
(/kgen/jro/xyvatbafxn.bet/pnaba/qngn/GB_NQQ/cXTG.gkg?)
b nqq sebag/onpx pbire grkg
b pbzcyrgr naq nqq vzntr qrfpevcgvbaf
b znpuvar-purpx Xyvatba grkg'f flyynoyr fgehpgher
b znpuvar-purpx Xyvatba grkg ntnvafg rneyvre XTG genafpevcg (erqhaqnapl grfg)
b znpuvar-purpx sbe jbeqf gung ybbx yvxr Xyvatba, ohg ner abg gnttrq jvgu {...}
b znahnyyl purpx Xyvatba cersvkrf cV- naq lV- (rnfl glcb ba qibenx)
(fubhyq or BX, fvapr ab reebef sbhaq jura purpxvat ntnvafg QybenU'f
BPE fpna)
b purpx fcnpr fheebhaqvat chapghngvba (gung "!?.])", fubhyq or sbyybjrq ol
fcnpr be bgure chapghngvba, "[(" fubhyq or cerprqrq ol fcnpr) rgp.
b cebbs ernq
b purpx vaqragf: nyjnlf 5 fcnprf?
b pbaireg gb HGS8 (nqqvat cebcre ncbfgebcurf, naq yrsg/evtug dhbgrf, rz-qnfurf)
b nqq svyr sbezng qrfpevcgvba, be n yvax sbezng qrfpevcgvba
b nqq pbzzragf gb nyy pbeerpgvbaf (gb nhgb-rkgenpg sbe XN reengn cntr)
(Ubj fubhyq guvf or qbar? Hfvat fbzr xvaq bs "sbbgabgr" flfgrz, jvgu
n frevny ahzore, be fbzr fhpu [cntr ab+pbeerpgvba ab, znlor?] naq n
yvfg bs xabja reebef ng gur ortvaavat be raq bs gur qbphzrag?)
b qbhoyr [] sbe pbzzragf naq qbhoyr {} sbe vzntrf
b Ubj gb gerng zhygvcyr vaqragrq yvarf?
{ob'Qntu'n' yb'} ("hfr n ovt fpbbc")
{ob'QntuUbz yb'} ("hfr n yvggyr fpbbc")
..fubhyq or pbafvqrerq gjb "cnentencuf", naq...
{ebzhyhFatnach' UVi gyuVatna.} ("Gur Xyvatba
nggnpxf gur Ebzhynaf"; {ebzhyhFatnach',}
"Ebzhynaf")
{ebzhyhFatnach' UVi gyuVatnach'.} ("Gur
Xyvatbaf nggnpx gur Ebzhynaf.")
fubhyq gbb. (Gjb cnentencuf, jvgu unatvat vaqrag, vs cbffvoyr.)
b onq ulcurangvbaf: Xyva-tba
b "Zvffvat" jbeqf. Bppheevat va gur grkg orybj ner gur sbyybjvat
Xyvatba grezf, sbe juvpu ab jbeq vf tvira va Xyvatba:
* "Dhva'yng" (anzr bs napvrag pvgl)
* "Evire Fxeny" (evire juvpu ena erq jvgu Zbybe'f oybbq)
* "W'chd" (nhgube bs gur pbbxobbx {wnozrU,} "Va Beqre gb Freir")
* "Ind'nw VV" (cynarg va gur Xyvatba Rzcver)
b Fubhyq gur sbyybjvat jbeqf or znqr vgnyvp va gur orybj grkg?
* qvxhf (cynag)
* tybo (syl)
* tyniva (Yvtbavna fcvxr tybir)
* vtinu (nyernql vgnyvpf)
Fglyr: {}=obyq, <>=vgnyvpf, pbeerpgvbaf, cntvangrq, uvqqra
Glcr: obbx
Qngr: (1) Abirzore 1997
Gvgyr: <Xyvatba sbe gur Tnynpgvp Geniryre>
Nhgube: Znep Bxenaq
Choyvfure: Cbpxrg Obbxf, Fvzba & Fpuhfgre, Arj Lbex, VFOA 0-671-00995-8
Fhzznel: Pbagnvaf shegure vafvtugf vagb gur Xyvatba ynathntr, pbirevat
gbcvpf fhpu nf gur inevbhf qvnyrpgf bs Xyvatba, ubj gb nibvq pbzzba tnssrf
naq vasbezngvba ba fcrpvnyvmrq ibpnohynel (sbe jnesner, pbbxvat, rgp.). Vg
gryyf lbh jung gb nibvq, naq ubj gb raunapr lbhe fgnghf nzbat Xyvatbaf.
Hfhnyyl nooerivngrq <XTG>.
Pbzzragf: "Pbeerpgvba" gntf ner hfrq gb vaqvpngr nyy xabja reebef bppheevat
va gur bevtvany jbex (zvffcryyvatf, xabja reebef va gur Xyvatba rknzcyrf
rgp.).
Va gur bevtvany, chapghngvba znexf pbzvat nsgre n jbeq frg va obyq be
vgnyvp ner fbzrgvzrf frg va gur fnzr fglyr nf gur cerprqvat jbeq,
fbzrgvzrf abg. Guvf vf ersyrpgrq ol gur znexhc va guvf genafpevcg---ohg
jura bppheevat---vf abg znexrq jvgu n "pbeerpgvba" gnt.
]][[c.1]]
[[?? qbhoyr-purpx fcryyvat, rgp bs rirelguvat nobir guvf cbvag, nf gung grkg
jnf abg vapyhqrq va QybenU'f BPE fpna]]
VAGEBQHPGVBA
Nsgre lrnef znexrq ol vapernfrq pbbcrengvba, zhghny
haqrefgnaqvat, naq funevat bs xabjyrqtr, n ceb-
genpgrq crevbq bs eryngvir nzvgl orgjrra gur Xyvatba
Rzcver naq gur Havgrq Srqrengvba bs Cynargf pnzr gb na
noehcg raq abg ybat ntb jura gur Rzcver jvguqerj sebz
gur crnpr gerngl xabja nf gur Xuvgbzre Nppbeqf bire na
vapvqrag ertneqvat jne jvgu gur Pneqnffvna Havba. Vebav-
pnyyl, gung fnzr jne unf oebhtug gur gjb tbireazragf
onpx gbtrgure. Gubhtu ur qvq fb jvgu fbzr gercvqngvba,
Xyvatba Punapryybe Tbjeba erpragyl nterrq gb bapr
ntnva ubabe gur nppbeqf naq gb ratntr va wbvag zvffvbaf
jvgu gur Srqrengvba. Gurfr zvffvbaf unir orra fhpprff-
shy, naq nf n erfhyg, obgu pbzzrepr naq vagryyrpghny rk-
punatr ner fybjyl ergheavat gb gur yriryf gung unq orra
nggnvarq cevbe gb gur ubfgvyvgvrf. Znal srry gung gur gvzr
vf evtug sbe geniryref gb bapr ntnva ivfvg inevbhf cnegf bs
gur Xyvatba Rzcver.
Nf gubfr jub unir ivfvgrq gur Xyvatba Rzcver va gur
cnfg pna nggrfg, Xyvatbaf ner na rkhorenag crbcyr, fnibe-
vat nyy yvsr unf gb bssre. Geniry gb nal cneg bs gur Rzcver
bssref gur cbgragvny bs n ynetr ahzore bs gehyl vaivtbeng-
vat rkcrevraprf. Ba gur bgure unaq, fvapr gur Xyvatba
vapyvangvba gbjneq npgvivgl nf bccbfrq gb cnffvivgl bsgra
vf vagrecergrq (abg nyjnlf vapbeerpgyl) nf ntterffvba be
oryyvtrerapr, bar arrqf gb or va n cbfvgvba gb haqrefgnaq [[c.2]]
rirelguvat gung bar vf yvxryl gb rapbhagre va beqre gb or
noyr gb cnegvpvcngr shyyl va nyy npgvivgvrf nf jryy nf gb nibvq
nppvqragnyyl chggvat barfrys va n uhzvyvngvat vs abg yvsr- [[xrrc ulcura]]
guerngravat fvghngvba.
Gur svefg fgrc gbjneq haqrefgnaqvat gur crbcyr bs na-
bgure phygher vf yrneavat gurve ynathntr. Pregnvayl gur
prageny cneg bs nal ynathntr vf vgf cebahapvngvba, tenz-
zne, naq ibpnohynel. Va gur pnfr bs Xyvatba, ersrerapr
zngrevnyf naq pbhefrf ba gur ynathntr unir orra ninvy-
noyr sbe fbzr gvzr naq, gubhtu zhpu erznvaf gb or qvf-
pbirerq, n geniryre pna, jvgu n ernfbanoyr nzbhag bs
rkcrqvrapr, yrnea gur onfvpf. Hasbeghangryl, gur onfvpf
ner whfg gung---gur onfvpf. Glcvpnyyl, fghqragf bs gur Xyva-
tba ynathntr jub, nsgre frireny lrnef bs fghql, ivfvg gur
Xyvatba Ubzrjbeyq be fbzr bgure cneg bs gur Rzcver
svaq gung gurve rssbegf unir cercnerq gurz bayl cnegvnyyl
sbe jung gurl npghnyyl rapbhagre. Gurl urne jbeqf gurl
unir abg urneq orsber naq rkcerffvbaf gung qb abg znxr
nal frafr rira gubhtu rnpu jbeq vf snzvyvne. Gurl svaq
fbzr fcrnxref rnfl gb haqrefgnaq, ohg bguref frrz gb or
cebabhapvat jbeqf zbfg crphyvneyl be fcrnxvat n yna-
thntr gung erfrzoyrf Xyvatba bayl inthryl. Gurl urne
tenzzngvpny cnggreaf gurve grkgobbxf naq grnpuref gbyq
gurz arire bpphe, pyrne ivbyngvbaf bs gur ehyrf.
Gur Xyvatbaf gurl ner zrrgvat ner abg znxvat hc ib-
pnohynel, cebabhapvat jbeqf va n pncevpvbhf snfuvba, be
oyvguryl vtabevat gur ehyrf bs tenzzne, ubjrire. Jung vf
tbvat ba vf gung zbfg vagebqhpgbel pbhefrf va Xyvatba
naq zbfg cuenfr obbxf cercnerq sbe erperngvbany geniry-
ref rvgure snvy gb zragvba be zragvba bayl va cnffvat gur
inevbhf jnlf gur ynathntr vf hfrq jvguva gur Rzcver, gur
jnl vg inevrf qrcraqvat ba fbpvny pevgrevn. Bs pbhefr
hfvat n ynathntr vaibyirf pubbfvat nccebcevngr ib-
pnohynel naq sbyybjvat gur ehyrf bs cebahapvngvba naq
tenzzne, ohg gur cnegvphyne jnl ynathntr vf hfrq---gur
cnegvphyne jbeqf pubfra naq gur cnegvphyne pbafgehpgvbaf
rzcyblrq---vf qrgrezvarq cnegyl ol gur zrnavat gung gur
fcrnxre jnagf gb pbairl, ohg nyfb cnegyl ol jub gur [[c.3]]
fcrnxre vf, gur fcrnxre'f eryngvbafuvc gb gur nqqerffrr,
gur glcr bs vasbezngvba orvat vzcnegrq, naq gur ybpnyr bs
gur pbairefngvba be angher bs gur bppnfvba qhevat juvpu
vg vf gnxvat cynpr. N Xyvatba pncgnva znl fcrnx bar jnl
jura tvivat pbzznaqf gb uvf be ure perj, nabgure jura
fcrnxvat gb n fcbhfr be puvyq, naq nabgure jura ratntrq
va ireony (be rira culfvpny) wbhfgvat ng n one.
Va nqqvgvba, vagebqhpgbel jbexf ba Xyvatba hfhnyyl
vtaber gur qvirefvgl jvguva gur Xyvatba Rzcver. Guvf
birefvtug vf abg fhecevfvat, fvapr rira gur zbfg jryy-va-
sbezrq zrzoref bs gur Srqrengvba bsgra guvax bs Xyva-
tbaf nf n engure ubzbtrarbhf tebhc. Vaqrrq, Wnqmvn
Qnk, fpvrapr bssvpre ba fcnpr fgngvba Qrrc Fcnpr 9, jnf
va n cbfvgvba gb cbvag bhg gb n tebhc bs ure sryybj bssvpref
gung "Xyvatbaf ner nf qvirefr n crbcyr nf nal bgure." Fur
haqrefgbbq guvf orpnhfr gur Gevyy'f cerivbhf ubfg, Phemba
Qnk, unq fcrag n terng qrny bs gvzr nzbat, naq jnf jryy
nqzverq ol, gur Xyvatbaf naq unq npdhverq n terng qrny
bs xabjyrqtr bs gurve phygher.
Gur qvirefvgl sbhaq va gur Xyvatba Rzcver vf gb or
rkcrpgrq orpnhfr bire gur praghevrf, Xyvatbaf unir pba-
dhrerq znal jbeyqf ercerfragvat n inevrgl bs ynathntrf
naq phygherf. Rira vtabevat gur vzcnpg gung nofbeovat
gurfr bevtvanyyl nyvra phygherf unf unq, gurer erznvaf in-
evrgl jvguva gur Rzcver. Gurer ner gur qvssreraprf bs ntr,
bs pynff, bs ertvba, naq bs cnegvpvcngvba va fcrpvnyvmrq np-
gvivgvrf. Nyy bs gurfr qvssreraprf ner ersyrpgrq va gur jnl
gur crbcyr fcrnx. Va nqqvgvba, gurer ner bppnfvbaf jurer
fgevpg nqurerapr gb tenzzngvpny ehyrf naq hfr bs gur
zbfg genqvgvbany ibpnohynel vf nccebcevngr, naq bgure bp-
pnfvbaf jurer n fbzrjung qvssrerag frg bs ehyrf nccyvrf
naq arjre jbeqf naq rkcerffvbaf ner hfrq. Gurer ner
rira bppnfvbaf, cnegvphyneyl qhevat fbzr evghnyf, erdhve-
vat gur hfr bs napvrag sbezf bs gur ynathntr.
Whfg nf vzcbegnag nf gur rkvfgrapr bs gurfr qvssre-
raprf vf gur snpg gung nyy zrzoref bs Xyvatba fbpvrgl ner
njner bs naq znxr hfr bs gur qvssreraprf. Ol gur jnl n
Xyvatba fcrnxf, nabgure Xyvatba znl or noyr gb gryy jung [[c.4]]
cneg bs gur Rzcver gur fcrnxre terj hc va, jurgure gur
fcrnxre vf n zrzore bs n uvture be ybjre pynff, gur eryn-
gvir ntr bs gur fcrnxre, naq, qrcraqvat ba gur gbcvp bs
pbairefngvba, creuncf gur bpphcngvba bs gur fcrnxre. Va
gur fnzr jnl, n Xyvatba, gubhtu abg cerqvfcbfrq gb qr-
prcgvba, znl, vs arprffnel be cbgragvnyyl orarsvpvny, qvf-
thvfr uvf be ure vqragvgl ol vzvgngvat gur fcrrpu bs n
zrzore bs nabgure tebhc.
Ivfvgbef gb Xyvatba pbzzhavgvrf ner nyfb bsgra vyy
cercnerq sbe zber guna fhcresvpvny qvfphffvbaf fvzcyl
orpnhfr gurl ynpx gur ibpnohynel. Nf va bgure fbpvrgvrf,
gubfr Xyvatbaf qrnyvat jvgu nal nern bs fcrpvnyvmngvba,
jurgure zvyvgnel fxvyyf, sbbq cercnengvba, be gur negf, rz-
cybl fcrpvny jbeqf abg abeznyyl hfrq va trareny pbaire-
fngvba. Shegurezber, gurer ner grezf naq tenzzngvpny
sbezngvbaf hfrq va bayl irel fcrpvny fvghngvbaf, naq hfvat
gurz ryfrjurer vf ng gur irel yrnfg rzoneenffvat naq
pbhyq or dhvgr bssrafvir.
Xyvatbaf gnxr gurve ynathntr irel frevbhfyl, naq guvf
vapyhqrf abg bayl gur ibpnohynel naq tenzzne ohg nyfb
gur ehyrf bs hfntr. Whfg nf n geniryre jub orunirf va na
noabezny jnl vf na bowrpg bs fhfcvpvba naq cebonoyl abg
gb or gehfgrq, n geniryre jub fcrnxf vanccebcevngryl---
rira vs gur jbeqf naq tenzzne ner, fgevpgyl fcrnxvat,
pbeerpg---vf fher gb rapbhagre qvfnccebiny, vs abg erwrpgvba
be rira ergevohgvba. Vg vf ntnvafg guvf onpxtebhaq gung guvf
thvqr, <Xyvatba sbe gur Tnynpgvp Geniryre,> unf orra cer-
cnerq. Vg vf abg n glcvpny thvqrobbx sbe gbhevfgf. Ab erf-
gnhenag be ubgry erpbzzraqngvbaf ner znqr, abe vf
vasbezngvba nobhg erdhverq geniry qbphzragngvba ceb-
ivqrq. Vgf sbphf vf zber aneebj: n thvqr gb ynathntr
hfntr gb uryc tnynpgvp geniryref jub nyernql unir ng yrnfg
n snve xabjyrqtr bs gur ynathntr trg nybat jvgu gurve
Xyvatba ubfgf naq trg gur zbfg bhg bs gurve ivfvgf. Gubhtu
cercnerq ol n fgnss bs Srqrengvba erfrnepuref naq jevggra
jvgu n ovnf gbjneq Srqrengvba Fgnaqneq (gung vf, gur yna-
thntr va hfr guebhtubhg gur Havgrq Srqrengvba bs Cynargf
naq, sbe vagrecynargnel pbzzhavpngvba, va zbfg cnegf bs
gur Nycun naq gb fbzr qrterr bgure dhnqenagf), zhpu [[c.5]]
bs gur vasbezngvba va guvf obbx fubhyq cebir hfrshy gb
geniryref sebz bgure cnegf bs gur tnynkl nf jryy.
Rira vs bar unf ab cevbe xabjyrqtr bs gur Xyvatba
ynathntr, vg fubhyq or cbffvoyr gb yrnea n terng qrny nobhg
Xyvatbaf sebz guvf obbx. Vg jvyy or zbfg hfrshy, ubjrire,
vs gur ernqre unf snzvyvnevgl jvgu, be ng yrnfg n arneol
pbcl bs, n jbex xabja nf <Gur Xyvatba Qvpgvbanel,> juvpu
jnf cercnerq haqre gur nhfcvprf bs Srqrengvba Fpvragvsvp
Erfrnepu Pbhapvy n ahzore bs lrnef ntb. Va cnegvphyne,
gur fcryyvat pbairagvbaf hfrq sbe Xyvatba jbeqf ner rk-
cynvarq gurer, nf ner qrfpevcgvbaf bs Xyvatba fbhaqf. Rk-
prcg jura arrqrq gb pynevsl n cbvag, guvf vasbezngvba vf
abg ercrngrq urer. Qrgnvyf bs Xyvatba tenzzne, ba gur
bgure unaq, ner rkcynvarq nf arprffnel va gur qvfphffvbaf
gung sbyybj, ohg pbzcnevat gur qrfpevcgvbaf urer jvgu
gubfr va gur qvpgvbanel jvyy znxr gur fcrpvsvpf bs gur yva-
thvfgvp qvirefvgl zber nccnerag. Ng gur raq bs guvf iby-
hzr, gurer vf na nqqraqhz gb gur qvpgvbanel, n yvfgvat bs
jbeqf abg xabja be jubfr npphenpl jnf abg pbasvezrq
ng gur gvzr bs gur choyvpngvba bs gung jbex.
Vg vf haqrefgbbq gung jevggra rkcynangvbaf bs fcbxra
curabzran ner vanqrdhngr sbe n shyy haqrefgnaqvat bs gur
gbcvp. Jung vf urer vf bayl n thvqr, n fnzcyvat, naq vg pna
va ab jnl ercynpr gur xabjyrqtr naq rkcrevrapr npdhverq
ol npghnyyl yvivat nzbat Xyvatbaf. Vg fubhyq or, ubjrire,
na rffragvny svefg fgrc. Ol jnl bs qvfpynvzre, vg fubhyq or
cbvagrq bhg gung nygubhtu rirel rssbeg unf orra znqr gb
or npphengr, gur pbzcvyref bs guvf jbex pnaabg or erfcba-
fvoyr sbe gur orunivbe bs Xyvatbaf jub znl qvfnterr.
Bapr ntnva, gur Fpvragvsvp Erfrnepu Pbhapvy unf orra
zbfg trarebhf va vgf fhccbeg bs guvf batbvat erfrnepu. Nq-
qvgvbany shaqvat jnf tenpvbhfyl cebivqrq ol gur Tnynpgvp
Fbpvrgl bs Geniry. N fgnss bs Xyvatba pbafhygnagf naq Srqre-
ngvba fpubynef pbagevohgrq n terng qrny bs gvzr pbzcvyvat
naq vagrecergvat gur qngn hcba juvpu gur nanylfrf va guvf
obbx ner onfrq. Va cnegvphyne, gur rssbegf bs bar Xyvatba
pbagevohgbe ner gb or fvatyrq bhg sbe pbzzraqngvba.
Znygm, jr ner ubaberq gb fgvyy or lbhe fghqragf. {Dncyn'.} [[c.6]]
{{
[[vzntr]]
<Oehpr Oevzryva> [[Oevzryva:=Ovezryva]]
}} [[c.7]]
GUR SVPGVBA BS XYVATBA
PBASBEZVGL
Nyy Xyvatbaf ner abg nyvxr. Gb na bhgfvqre, Xyvatba
fbpvrgl vf bsgra ertneqrq nf engure ubzbtrarbhf, nf
vs nyy Xyvatbaf orunir naq guvax va gur fnzr jnl. Va snpg,
nygubhtu gurer ner n tbbq znal funerq onfvp oryvrsf naq
haqrefgnaqvatf gung ubyq Xyvatba fbpvrgl gbtrgure naq
qrsvar jung vg zrnaf gb or n Xyvatba, gurer vf n terng
qrny bs inevngvba. Guhf, qrfcvgr gur irarengvba fubja gb
jneevbef, abg rirelbar vf n jneevbe. Fbzr ubhfrf (gung vf,
yvarntrf) ner zber jrnygul naq cbjreshy guna bguref.
Gur orunivbe cnggreaf bs Xyvatba zra naq jbzra ner
uneqyl vaqvfgvathvfunoyr. Fbzr Xyvatbaf znl cersre bar
glcr bs zhfvp be cbrgel; bgure Xyvatbaf, nabgure. Byqre
naq lbhatre Xyvatbaf svaq n terng znal nernf bs oruni-
vbe nobhg juvpu gurl qvfnterr.
Ol gur fnzr gbxra, nyy Xyvatbaf qb abg fcrnx nyvxr.
Fbzr bs gur qvssreraprf va Xyvatba fcrrpu ner eryngviryl
gevivny: engr be pnqrapr bs fcrrpu, sbe rknzcyr, be n fyvtug
qvssrerapr va gur cebahapvngvba bs n fcrpvsvp fbhaq. Gurfr
xvaqf bs qvssreraprf, va nqqvgvba gb gur fcrpvsvp nhqvb
dhnyvgvrf (cvgpu naq fb sbegu) bs na vaqvivqhny'f ibvpr,
znxr vg cbffvoyr gb qvfgvathvfu bar fcrnxre sebz nabgure.
Ba gur bgure unaq, fbzr qvssreraprf znl or engure
fvtavsvpnag: pubvpr bs jbeqf, znwbe qvssreraprf va cebaha-
pvngvba, hfr (be nibvqnapr) bs pregnva tenzzngvpny pba-
fgehpgvbaf. Serdhragyl, gurfr qvssreraprf znex bar'f cynpr [[c.8]]
jvguva gur fbpvrgl. Fbzr yvathvfgvp genvgf ner nffbpvngrq
jvgu gur ertvba va juvpu bar jnf envfrq, fbzr jvgu ntr,
bguref jvgu yriryf bs rqhpngvba be rkcregvfr va pregnva
nernf, naq fgvyy bguref jvgu cbyvgvpf.
Vs gurer ner gbb znal bs gurfr qvssreraprf, vagryyvtvovy-
vgl pbhyq or nssrpgrq. Gung vf, gjb crbcyr fcrnxvat va gjb
rkgerzryl qvssrerag jnlf jvyy abg or noyr gb haqrefgnaq
bar nabgure. Guvf vf, bs pbhefr, gur pnfr jura gjb crbcyr
ner fcrnxvat gjb qvssrerag ynathntrf---jvgu hggreyl qvs-
srerag fbhaqf, tenzzne, naq ibpnohynel---rnpu ha-
xabja gb gur bgure fcrnxre. Gurer ner gvzrf, ubjrire,
rira jura gur fnzr ynathntr vf fcbxra, gung fbzr qvssre-
raprf yrnq gb n pregnva nzbhag bs vagryyvtvovyvgl. [[vagryyvtvovyvgl:=havagryyvtvovyvgl]]
Gur pheerag yvathvfgvp fvghngvba va gur Xyvatba Rz-
cver vf n engure pbzcyrk bar gung pna or fbzrjung orggre
haqrefgbbq va gur yvtug bs n ovg bs uvfgbel. Xyvatba zl-
gubybtl ubyqf gung bire 1,500 lrnef ntb, Xnuyrff gur Ha-
sbetrggnoyr npghnyyl perngrq gur Xyvatba Rzcver ol
bireguebjvat gur glenag Zbybe. Xnuyrff tnir gur crbcyr
ynjf bs ubabe naq fgeratgu naq nyfb frg gur gbar sbe jung
jnf ybat pbafvqrerq, creuncf hawhfgyl, gur Xyvatba cng-
grea bs pbadhrevat bgure jbeyqf ol sbepr naq ehyvat gurz
bccerffviryl. Orsber Xnuyrff havgrq gurz, ubjrire, gur
crbcyrf bs Xebabf, gur Xyvatba Ubzrjbeyq, pbafvfgrq bs
qvfcnengr tebhcf (qrfcvgr Zbybe'f hacbchyne ehyr bire nyy
bs gurz), jvgu qvssrerag phfgbzf naq fbzrgvzrf qvssrerag
ynathntrf. Nf gur Rzcver rkcnaqrq, nf bgure cynargf
jrer---qrcraqvat ba bar'f cbvag bs ivrj---pbadhrerq be
vapbecbengrq, na rira terngre ahzore bs qvfgvapg phygherf
naq ynathntrf orpnzr cneg bs gur birenyy zvk.
Gubhtu gur crbcyrf bs gur Rzcver, rkprcg gubfr zbfg
erpragyl vaibyhagnevyl vapyhqrq, unir orpbzr fbzrjung
zber ubzbtrarbhf nf gvzr unf tbar ba, genprf---fbzr
fhogyr, fbzr boivbhf---bs gurve frcnengr uvfgbevrf erznva.
Va grezf bs ynathntr, gurer ner ertvbaf jvguva gur Rzcver
jurer gur naprfgeny ynathntrf ner fgvyy fcbxra, gubhtu va
n fbzrjung punatrq sbez. Sbe gubfr ynathntrf jvgu n [[c.9]]
{{
[[vzntr]]
N jneevbe jub havgrq n crbcyr: vg vf ubcrq gung gur pybar bs [[k!]]
Xnuyrff (Xriva Pbajnl) jvyy ernjnxra gur Xyvatba fcvevg. [[k!]]
<Eboovr Ebovafba> [[k!]]
}} [[c.10]]
terng znal fcrnxref, gurer vf ertvbany inevngvba; gung vf,
crbcyr va qvssrerag nernf fcrnxvat gur fnzr ynathntr va
fbzrjung qvssrerag jnlf, sbyybjvat cnggreaf qngvat onpx
gb gur gvzr orsber gur havsvpngvba. Va fubeg, jvguva gur
Rzcver gurer ner frireny ynathntrf, naq gur znwbe yna-
thntrf (gung vf, gubfr jvgu gur zbfg fcrnxref) ner fcbxra
va n ahzore bs irefvbaf be qvnyrpgf.
Gur bssvpvny ynathntr bs gur Xyvatba Rzcver, gur yna-
thntr hfrq sbe nyy bssvpvny checbfrf, qrfpraqrq sebz gung
fcbxra ol Xnuyrff (naq, sbe gung znggre, nyfb ol Zbybe).
Vg vf pnyyrq {gyuVatna Uby}, yvgrenyyl "Xyvatba ynathntr,"
gubhtu guvf grez engure rssrpgviryl bofpherf gur pbzcyrk-
vgl bs gur fvghngvba. Orsber erfgevpgvat guvf qvfphffvba gb
zbqrea {gyuVatna Uby} (juvpu vf ersreerq gb nf fvzcyl
"Xyvatba" uraprsbegu), vg vf vzcbegnag gb fheirl, ng yrnfg
oevrsyl, gur ebyr bs bgure ynathntrf va gur Rzcver, nf jryy
nf gur ebyr bs napvrag sbezf bs Xyvatba.
Zbfg bs gur ynathntrf gung ner rvgure haeryngrq gb be
qvfgnagyl eryngrq gb Xyvatba jrer bevtvanyyl fcbxra ba
cynargf bgure guna Xebabf naq arneyl nyy bs gurfr yna-
thntrf pbagvahr gb yvir ba gurve erfcrpgvir ubzrjbeyqf.
Srj bs gurfr crbcyr ner zbabyvathny, ubjrire, fvapr
Xyvatba vf erdhverq sbe pbzzrepr, vagrenpgvbaf jvgu
gur tbireazrag, naq fb ba. Va fbzr bs gur ynetre pvgvrf
ba Xebabf, cnegvphyneyl gur pncvgny Svefg Pvgl ({irat
jn'QVpu}), gurer ner cbpxrgf bs vzzvtenagf sebz gurfr
bgure cynargf jub znvagnva gurve ynathntrf naq phfgbzf
ohg qb fb cerggl zhpu bhg bs gur urnevat bs gur znwbevgl
cbchyngvba. Fcrnxvat n ynathntr bgure guna Xyvatba, ha-
yrff rirelobql cerfrag haqrefgnaqf vg, vf pbafvqrerq va-
nccebcevngr orpnhfr gur fcrnxref znl or vzcylvat gung
gurl qb abg gehfg gur abafcrnxref.
Srj angvir fcrnxref bs Xyvatba obgure gb yrnea gurfr
bgure ynathntrf (rkprcg sbe gur anzrf bs fbzr sbbqf),
ohg na bppnfvbany jbeq be cuenfr qbrf fbzrgvzrf jbex
vgf jnl vagb Xyvatba cebcre. Sbe rknzcyr, {dnwhacnD}
("pbhentr, nhqnpvgl") pbzrf sebz <xnwhacnxg,> n jbeq hfrq [[c.11]]
va guvf frafr ohg yvgrenyyl zrnavat fbzrguvat yvxr "tybj-
vat ynin" be "svrel ynin" va n ynathntr bevtvanyyl fcbxra
ba Xevbf. Va Xyvatba, vg vzcyvrf pbhentr bs n engure fhe-
cevfvat be harkcrpgrq xvaq, creuncf rira erpxyrffarff,
nf bccbfrq gb {gbQhw} ("pbhentr, oenirel"), juvpu vf zber
arhgeny. Fbzr Xyvatba fcrnxref cerfreir gur bevtvany
cebahapvngvba, gubhtu zbfg snyy vagb gur zber hfhny
Xyvatba cubargvp cnggrea. Cebonoyl irel srj Xyvatbaf
ner rira inthryl njner bs gur bevtvany pbaarpgvba bs <xn-
whacnxg> jvgu ynin, tybjvat be bgurejvfr. Gur Xyvatba
jbeq sbe ynin, {inUob'}, unf abguvat gb qb jvgu <xnwhacnxg>.
Urneq sne zber serdhragyl guna aba-Xyvatba yna-
thntrf ner inevbhf nepunvp sbezf bs Xyvatba, qngvat sebz
qvssrerag gvzr crevbqf naq bevtvangvat va qvssrerag er-
tvbaf, pbyyrpgviryl xabja nf {ab' Uby} ("naprfgbef' yna-
thntr"). Gur napvrag sbezf ner urneq cevznevyl, gubhtu
abg rkpyhfviryl, va prerzbavrf, fbatf, naq pynffvpny fgb-
evrf.
Juvyr gur pbairagvbany cuenfrf hfrq va fbzr evghnyf
ner hggrerq va zbqrea Xyvatba (fhpu nf gubfr hfrq va gur
Evgr bs Nfprafvba, n prerzbal flzobyvmvat n lbhat Xyva-
tba'f nggnvazrag bs n pregnva fcvevghny yriry), gubfr hfrq
va n terng znal bguref ner va n sbez bs {ab' Uby} (fhpu nf
gubfr nffbpvngrq jvgu gur {oVerdgny} [<oerx'gny>], gur prer-
zbal va juvpu gur xvyyre bs gur yrnqre bs n Xyvatba ubhfr
zneevrf gur jvqbj naq gurerol orpbzrf gur urnq bs gur
ubhfr uvzfrys). Va gurfr pnfrf, gur cuenfrf zhfg or fghq-
vrq naq zrzbevmrq ol gur cnegvpvcnagf, gura ercrngrq
onpx npphengryl. Vzcebivfvat be cnencuenfvat vf ragveryl
vanccebcevngr. Qrcraqvat ba jura gur cuenfrf sbe gur
evghny bevtvangrq, gur jbeqf naq tenzzngvpny pbafgehp-
gvbaf znl or fbzrjung yvxr be irel qvssrerag sebz gubfr
bs zbqrea Xyvatba. Vs gur jbeqf unir fheivirq vagb zbq-
rea Xyvatba ohg fbzr bs gur tenzzngvpny srngherf unir
abg, vg znl fbhaq nf vs gur pryroenag vf fcrnxvat vz-
cebcre, hatenzzngvpny Xyvatba. Guvf vf abg gur pnfr, [[c.12]]
{{
[[vzntr]]
N er-perngvba bs gur uvfgbevp onggyr orgjrra Xnuyrff (Zvpunry
Qnarx) naq Zbybe (Wbua Xragba Fuhyy) ng n <Xbg'oniny> Srfgviny.
<Eboovr Ebovafba>
}}
gubhtu gur fnzr cuenfr hggrerq njnl sebz gur evghnyvfgvp
pbagrkg jbhyq or gnxra nf fhpu.
Byqre ynathntr sbezf ner nyfb bsgra sbhaq va gur yle-
vpf bs Xyvatba fbatf, cnegvphyneyl fbatf nffbpvngrq jvgu
evghnyf. Nzbat bgure npgvivgvrf ng gur naahny <Xbg'oniny>
Srfgviny, sbe rknzcyr, gur onggyr orgjrra Xnuyrff naq
Zbybe vf erranpgrq. Juvyr qhryvat jvgu gurve <ong'yrguf,> gur
cresbezref cbegenlvat Xnuyrff, Zbybe, naq bgure jne-
evbef fvat genqvgvbany fbatf jvgu jbeqf naq tenzzngvpny
sbezf gung ner nepunvp vaqrrq, fbzr abg va rirelqnl hfr
sbe jryy bire 1,000 lrnef. Va nqqvgvba, iveghnyyl nyy bs Xyva-
tba bcren vf jevggra va {ab' Uby}. Va beqre gb sbyybj na
bcren rira fhcresvpvnyyl, bar fubhyq cercner orsber ng-
graqvat n cresbeznapr ol fghqlvat gur fgbel. Sbe n
qrrcre nccerpvngvba, ubjrire, vg vf rffragvny gb fghql nyfb
gur yvathvfgvp fgehpgherf hfrq va gur bcren'f yvoerggb. Nf n [[c.13]]
erfhyg, nsvpvbanqbf bs guvf zhfvpny sbez graq gb or sebz
gur hccre yriryf bs fbpvrgl naq engure jryy rqhpngrq,
gubhtu guvf vf abg vainevnoyl gur pnfr. Svanyyl, gurer ner
fbzr byq ohg fgvyy cbchyne fbatf gung ergnva byq jbeqf
naq byq tenzzngvpny sbezf gung ner abg vagrecergnoyr va
zbqrea Xyvatba. Va snpg, vg vf abg hapbzzba sbe Xyvatba
puvyqera gb guvax fbzr bs gurfr fbatf ner abafrafr
fbatf, svyyrq jvgu fvyyl jbeqf, naq gura or fhecevfrq gb
svaq bhg gung gurl ner napvrag uhagvat fbatf be onggyr
fbatf.
Svanyyl, Xyvatba zlguf jrer bevtvanyyl gbyq naq er-
gbyq, gura yngre jevggra qbja, va {ab' Uby.} Va zbqrea
gvzrf, fbzr ner ernq be gbyq va gur bevtvany sbez, gubhtu
zbfg ner snzvyvne bayl va gurve zbqrea genafyngvbaf. Rira
va gur zbfg hc-gb-qngr irefvbaf, ubjrire, pregnva yvarf
ner fb snzbhf va gurve bevtvany sbez gung gurl ner fryqbz
nygrerq. Na rknzcyr bs guvf vf sbhaq va gur fgbel bs Xnu-
yrff naq Yhxnen. Sbyybjvat gur fhpprffshy qrsrafr bs gur
Terng Unyy ng Dnz-Purr, Xnuyrff naq Yhxnen ratntr va n
oevrs pbairefngvba gung znexf gur fgneg bs gurve rcvp eb-
znapr. Fghqragf unir orra zrzbevmvat gurfr yvarf naq
ercrngvat gurz sbe fb ybat, gurl unir orpbzr cneg bs gur
xabjyrqtr funerq ol nyy Xyvatbaf. Bar arrq bayl fnl gur
svefg yvar---"{zbin' 'ndV' ehFgnd}," n {ab' Uby} jnl gb fnl
"gbqnl jnf n tbbq qnl gb qvr"---naq rirelbar jvyy xabj
jung vf gb sbyybj. Vagrerfgvatyl, va gur pnfr bs guvf cnegvph-
yne pbairefngvba, gur yvarf unir orra vapbecbengrq vagb n
zngvat evghny gung crefvfgf gb guvf qnl, jvgu gur zna naq
gur jbzna gnxvat gur ebyrf naq ercrngvat gur {ab' Uby}
yvarf bs Xnuyrff naq Yhxnen, erfcrpgviryl, nf gur ceryhqr
gb n ebznagvp rapbhagre.
Gur hfr bs byqre ynathntr sbezf vf abg erfgevpgrq gb
evghnyf, zlguf, naq fbatf. Gurer ner bppnfvbaf jura rv-
gure nf n fvta bs rehqvgvba be whfg gb gnhag n sevraq bar
znl fcrnx n yvar be gjb va {ab' Uby}. Nzbat fbzr nqzve-
ref bs Xyvatba uvfgbel, pbairefngvbaf znl gnxr cynpr ra-
gveryl va byqre ynathntr sbezf. Fhpu pbairefngvbaf ner [[c.14]]
hfhnyyl bs irel oevrs qhengvba, ubjrire, naq erfgevpgrq gb
n srj gbcvpf sbe juvpu ibpnohynel vf xabja.
XYVATBA QVNYRPGF
Rira zbqrea Xyvatba vf punenpgrevmrq ol inevngvba.
Gurer vf n "fgnaqneq" Xyvatba, hfrq va choyvp prerzbavrf
naq bssvpvny qbphzragf, gnhtug va fpubbyf naq fghqvrq ol
sbervtaref, ohg vg punatrf sebz gvzr gb gvzr naq vg vf abg
gur bayl jnl gb fcrnx. Vg tnvaf vgf fgnghf sbe cbyvgvpny, abg
yvathvfgvp, ernfbaf. Jvgu n pbhcyr bs rkprcgvbaf, gur qvs-
srerag jnlf bs fcrnxvat---gung vf, gur qvssrerag qvnyrpgf---
ner abg fb qvssrerag gung fcrnxref pnaabg pbzceruraq
bar nabgure. Ba gur bgure unaq, rnpu unf n frg bs crphyv-
nevgvrf gung nal Xyvatba pna rnfvyl erpbtavmr, cbvag bhg,
naq hfhnyyl zvzvp. Sbe n Xyvatba, vg vf rnfl gb gryy
jurgure fbzrbar vf fcrnxvat gur fgnaqneq jnl.
Guebhtubhg Xyvatba uvfgbel, naq fgvyy gbqnl, vs gur
yrnqre bs gur Rzcver pneevrf gur gvgyr {gn'} ("Rzcrebe"), gur
jnl ur fcrnxf Xyvatba---gung vf, gur qvnyrpg hfrq ol uvf
snzvyl naq crbcyr sebz uvf ertvba---vf nyjnlf pbafvqrerq
gur orfg jnl. Gur ibpnohynel naq tenzzngvpny qrgnvyf
glcvpny bs gur yrnqre'f nern orpbzr gur pheerag zbqry sbe
gur Rzcver. Gur jnl bgure crbcyr fcrnx, vs qvssrerag, vf
pbafvqrerq fbzrubj vasrevbe, naq gur zber nal tvira qv-
nyrpg qvssref sebz gung bs gur Rzcrebe, gur zber vasrevbe
vg vf pbafvqrerq. Abg bayl vf gur jnl bs fcrnxvat pbafvq-
rerq vasrevbe, nalbar fcrnxvat bayl n abafgnaqneq qvn-
yrpg vf pbafvqrerq gb or vasrevbe nf jryy, zbgvingvat
rirelbar gb yrnea gb fcrnx gur jnl gur Rzcrebe qbrf. Ba
gur bgure unaq, fvapr n punatr va yrnqrefuvc graqf gb
oevat va na Rzcrebe sebz n qvssrerag yvarntr naq qvssre-
rag ertvba, gur eryngvir fgnghf bs gur qvssrerag inevrgvrf
pna rnfvyl punatr, jvgu n qvnyrpg sbezreyl nffbpvngrq jvgu
n pregnva ertvba orpbzvat gur fgnaqneq qvnyrpg fcbxra
ol nyy. Nf n erfhyg, gur inevbhf qvnyrpgf bs Xyvatba unir
crefvfgrq, jvgu zbfg Xyvatbaf orpbzvat nqrcg ng frireny [[c.15]]
bs gurz. Gur flfgrz ol juvpu gur Rzcrebe'f qvnyrpg vf
pbafvqrerq gur fgnaqneq qvnyrpg fgnlrq va cynpr rira qhe-
vat gubfr gvzrf jura gurer jnf ab bssvpvny Rzcrebe, nf
unf orra gur pnfr, hagvy erpragyl, sbe gur ynfg 300 lrnef.
Ertneqyrff bs gur yrnqre'f gvgyr, gur yrnqre'f jnl bs fcrnx-
vat vf fgvyy pbafvqrerq gur orfg. Gur grez hfrq sbe gur
fgnaqneq qvnyrpg, ubjrire, unexf onpx gb gur Rzcrebef:
{gn' gyuVatna Uby} (yvgrenyyl, "gur Rzcrebe'f Xyvatba"),
bsgra fubegrarq gb {gn' Uby} ("Rzcrebe'f ynathntr"). Vg vf
nccebcevngr gb hfr gurfr grezf ertneqyrff bs gur bssvpvny
gvgyr bs gur yrnqre bs gur Rzcver.
ERTVBANY INEVNGVBA
Gur pheerag fgnaqneq jnl bs fcrnxvat, gur {gn' Uby},
vf gur inevrgl bs Xyvatba nffbpvngrq jvgu gur Svefg Pvgl
ba Xebabf, naq guvf vf gur sbez bs gur ynathntr gnhtug
gb zbfg aba-Xyvatbaf, nf vs gurer jrer ab bgure jnl gb
fcrnx. Guvf vf abg ng nyy fhecevfvat, fvapr zbfg ivfvgbef
gb gur Rzcver erfgevpg gurve fgnl gb guvf bar pvgl naq
unir irel yvggyr xabjyrqtr bs bgure cnegf bs gur Rzcver.
Va gur cnfg, guvf jnf qhr gb geniry erfgevpgvbaf vzcbfrq
ol gur Xyvatba tbireazrag, gubhtu abj, creuncf or-
pnhfr erfvqragf bs gur Svefg Pvgl unir orpbzr npphf-
gbzrq gb qrnyvat jvgu gbhevfgf naq gurve unovgf, ivfvgbef
fvzcyl graq gb srry fbzrjung zber pbzsbegnoyr gurer
guna gurl qb ryfrjurer naq gurl nibvq jnaqrevat gbb
sne njnl.
Gubfr hasnzvyvne jvgu bgure cnegf bs gur Rzcver ner
yvxrjvfr hasnzvyvne jvgu gur qvssrerag qvnyrpgf sbhaq va
gur inevbhf ertvbaf naq ner gurersber hacercnerq jura
gurl urne hasnzvyvne fcrrpu cnggreaf. Sbe gur zbfg cneg,
qvnyrpgf va gur inevbhf ertvbaf qvssre bjvat gb fcrpvsvpf bs
cebahapvngvba, ohg gurer ner tenzzngvpny naq ibpnoh-
ynel qvfgvapgvbaf nf jryy. Gur qvssreraprf enatr sebz
orvat engure fhogyr gb orvat dhvgr abgvprnoyr. Vaqrrq,
gurer ner n srj qvnyrpgf gung ner fb qvssrerag sebz bar [[c.16]]
nabgure gung fcrnxref bs bar pna oneryl pbzzhavpngr
jvgu fcrnxref bs gur bgure. Va gubfr pnfrf, vs vg jrer abg
sbe gur snpg gung gur Rzcver vf n cbyvgvpny jubyr, naq, rire
fvapr gur qnlf bs Xnuyrff, unf gnxra terng cevqr va orvat
fb, gur fb-pnyyrq qvnyrpgf zvtug or pbafvqrerq frcnengr
ynathntrf.
Vg vf abg cbffvoyr gb fheirl nyy bs gur ertvbany qvnyrpgf
urer, cnegvphyneyl gur zbfg qviretrag barf, ohg fbzr bs
gur xvaqf bs qvssreraprf gung rkvfg naq gung ner yvxryl gb
or rapbhagrerq ner vyyhfgengrq. Orsber jr sbphf ba gur
yvathvfgvp crphyvnevgvrf bs fbzr bs gur qvssrerag nernf,
ubjrire, n irel oevrs qvfphffvba bs Xyvatba trbtencul
jbhyq frrz gb or va beqre. Gur Xyvatba Ubzrjbeyq
{Db'abF}, hfhnyyl eraqrerq Xebabf va Srqrengvba Fgna- [[Xebabf:="Xebabf"]]
qneq, vf n cynarg jvgu onfvpnyyl bar irel ynetr znff bs
ynaq fheebhaqrq ol bprna; creuncf pbagvarag vf n pbzcn-
enoyr pbaprcg. Jvguva gur ynaq znff ner qvfgvapg nernf,
fbzr bs juvpu ner qrznepngrq trbtencuvpnyyl (qvivqrq
ol n zbhagnva enatr, sbe rknzcyr), juvyr gur obhaqnevrf
bs bguref frrz engure neovgenel, gur erfhyg, ab qbhog, bs
napvrag cbjre fgehttyrf. N fcrpvsvp nern jubfr obeqref
ner qrsvanoyr, ol jungrire zrnaf, vf abeznyyl pnyyrq n
{Frc}, pbzzbayl genafyngrq nf "ertvba," gubhtu, fvapr gur
ertvbaf jrer cbyvgvpnyyl qvfgvapg va gur cnfg, "pbhagel"
zvtug unir ng bar gvzr orra whfg nf nccebcevngr n genafyn-
gvba. Na vqragvsvnoyr nern jvguva n {Frc} vf n {lbF} ("nern,
qvfgevpg"), naq n {lbF} hfhnyyl pbagnvaf ng yrnfg bar vzcbe-
gnag {irat} ("pvgl"); gubhtu fbzrgvzrf, rfcrpvnyyl va gur
zber ehttrq cnegf bs n cynarg, gurer znl or bayl n fznyy
frggyrzrag be {iratUbz} ["ivyyntr"]). Guvf grezvabybtl vf [[["ivyyntr"]):=("ivyyntr")]]
nyfb hfrq jura qrfpevovat bgure cynargf jvguva gur Rz-
cver.
Ertvbaf ner fbzrgvzrf vqragvsvrq ol gur anzr bs gur
zbfg cebzvarag pvgl jvguva gur ertvba. Guhf, gur ertvba
pbagnvavat gur Svefg Pvgl vf fvzcyl pnyyrq {irat jn'QVpu
Frc} ("Svefg Pvgl ertvba") naq {ibFcrtu Frc} ("Ibfcrt er-
tvba," fbhgujrfg bs gur Svefg Pvgl---gb hfr qverpgvbany [[c.17]]
grezf snzvyvne gb fcrnxref bs Srqrengvba Fgnaqneq) vf
anzrq nsgre gur pvgl bs Ibfcrt. Bgure ertvbaf unir anzrf
gung ner qvfgvapg sebz gur anzrf bs nal qvfgevpgf be pvgvrf
jvguva gurz, fhpu nf gur ynetr {Fn'Drw Frc} ("Fnxerw er-
tvba"), frireny gubhfnaq xvybzrgref rnfg bs gur Svefg Pvgl.
Gur bevtvaf bs zbfg Xyvatba cynpr anzrf ner abg xabja,
univat orra ybfg gb uvfgbel. Fbzrgvzrf, ubjrire, gur
zrnavat bs n cynpr anzr vf pyrne, fhpu nf gur Fnxerw er-
tvba'f {UhQ orD lbF} ("Syng Zbhagnva qvfgevpg") naq, bs
pbhefr, {irat jn'QVpu} ("Svefg Pvgl"). Ba ener bppnfvba, n
cynpr'f anzr pna or genprq gb na vaqvivqhny be snzvyl,
fhpu nf {Dbgzntu Frc} ("Xebgznt ertvba"), qrevirq sebz
{Dbgzntu}, gur yrnqre bs n cbjreshy ubhfr jub, praghevrf
ntb, pbadhrerq arvtuobevat nernf, be {ehd'r'irg} ("Ehx'-
rirg"), n pvgl va gur {turipubd Frc} ("Tripubx ertvba"),
anzrq sbe n jneevbe (jurgure npghny be zlgubybtvpny vf n
znggre bs qvfchgr) jub fvatyrunaqrqyl qrsrngrq na va-
inqvat sbepr.
Orsber gur gvzr bs gur havsvpngvba bs gur Rzcver ol
Xnuyrff, gur nzbhag bs vagrenpgvba orgjrra vaunovgnagf
bs qvssrerag ertvbaf inevrq. Jura ertvbaf sbezrq pbnyv-
gvbaf va n pnzcnvta ntnvafg n pbzzba rarzl, vagrenp-
gvba jnf terng; jura gurl jrer va n crevbq bs zhghny
nagntbavfz, vagrenpgvba jnf yvzvgrq. Fvapr vagrenpgvba
vaibyirf crbcyr pbzzhavpngvat jvgu bar nabgure, guvf
inelvat nzbhag bs pbagnpg vf ersyrpgrq va gur yvathvfgvp
fvghngvba. Qvnyrpgf fcbxra va nal tvira cnve bs ertvbaf
unir fbzr pbzzba srngherf (ibpnohynel be cebahapvn-
gvbaf, sbe rknzcyr), qrirybcrq qhevat gur crevbqf jura
gur crbcyr unq n terng qrny bs vagrenpgvba jvgu bar na-
bgure; naq gurfr fnzr qvnyrpgf unir fbzr pyrne qvssre-
raprf, qrirybcrq qhevat gvzrf bs qvfpbeq jura pbagnpg
jnf zvavzny.
Va nqqvgvba gb gur ertvbaf ba Xebabf (naq gurer ner
zber guna gubfr zragvbarq nobir), bs pbhefr, ner gur
inevbhf cynargf gung unir orpbzr cneg bs gur Rzcver. Ba
fbzr, fhpu nf Zbefxn, n qvnyrpg bs Xyvatba unf nyy ohg [[c.18]]
ercynprq nal ynathntrf bevtvanyyl fcbxra; ba bguref,
fhpu nf Ind'nw VV, angvir ynathntrf fheivir nybatfvqr {gn'
Uby}. Vagrerfgvatyl, gur qvnyrpgf bs Xyvatba fcbxra ba pba-
dhrerq cynargf ner abg nf qvssrerag sebz {gn' Uby} nf ner
fbzr bs gur qvnyrpgf ba Xebabf vgfrys. Gung vf orpnhfr gur
Xyvatba ynathntr pnzr gb gur pbadhrerq cynargf eryn-
gviryl erpragyl naq gurersber erznvaf fbzrjung fvzvyne
gb gung fcbxra ol gur pbadhrebef, juvyr gur qvnyrpgf ba
Xebabf unir orra fcbxra sbe n zhpu ybatre crevbq naq
unir unq gvzr gb qrirybc qvssreragyl.
Orpnhfr gur qvnyrpg bs gur Svefg Pvgl vf gur fgnaqneq
qvnyrpg, gur {gn' Uby}, vg vf obgu phfgbznel naq pbairavrag
gb pbzcner bgure qvnyrpgf gb vg engure guna gb rnpu bgure.
Guvf cenpgvpr vf ergnvarq va gur qvfphffvbaf orybj.
Cebahapvngvba
Erfvqragf bs inevbhf ertvbaf naq greevgbevrf bs gur
Xyvatba Rzcver znl or vqragvsvrq ol gur jnl gurl ceb-
abhapr jbeqf---gung vf, ol gurve nppragf. Gubfr va gur
Xebgznt ({Dbgzntu}) ertvba, sbe rknzcyr, unir punenp-
grevfgvp jnlf bs cebabhapvat gur fbhaqf {o} naq {Q}, nf jryy
nf gur ibjryf. Va {gn' Uby}, {o} vf cebabhaprq gur fnzr nf <o>
va Srqrengvba Fgnaqneq <oevor>. Va gur Xebgznt qvnyrpg bs
Xyvatba, ubjrire, {o} naq {z} ner cebabhaprq vqragvpnyyl,
obgu bs gurz fbhaqvat yvxr Srqrengvba Fgnaqneq <z> nf va
<zvzr>. Guhf, sbe rknzcyr, gur zrzoref bs gur sbyybjvat
cnvef bs jbeqf fbhaq rknpgyl nyvxr va gur Xebgznt qvnyrpg;
ubjrire, gurl fbhaq qvssrerag va Fgnaqneq Xyvatba:
{ohc} ("dhvg")/{zhc} ("fgevxr")
{obU} ("or vzcngvrag")/{zbU} ("or htyl")
{ohF} ("pbapragengr ba")/{zhF} ("ungr")
{tubo} ("jntr jne")/{tubz} ("zrrg, rapbhagre")
{dno} ("snpr")/{dnz} ("sbbg")
{Dho} ("guvax")/{Dhz} ("pbzzhavpngr")
{gro} ("svyy")/{grz} ("qral") [[c.19]]
Sbe gur zbfg cneg, guvf pnhfrf ab ceboyrzf sbe Xebg-
znt qvnyrpg fcrnxref. Gurer ner zber ubzbalzf (jbeqf
gung fbhaq nyvxr) va gurve qvnyrpg guna va bgure qvnyrpgf,
ohg, nf vf gur pnfr jvgu ubzbalzf va trareny, pbagrkg
hfhnyyl freirf gb pynevsl juvpu jbeq vf zrnag. Bppnfvba-
nyyl, ubjrire, gjb vqragvpnyyl cebabhaprq jbeqf pna or
hfrq va fhpu fvzvyne pbagrkgf, envfvat gur cbffvovyvgvrf bs
ng yrnfg nzovthvgl vs abg pngnfgebcuvp zvfhaqrefgnaqvat,
gung fbzr vagrerfgvat fcrrpu cnggreaf unir qrirybcrq.
Jura gurer ner abhaf gung fbhaq nyvxr, fcrnxref ner
yvxryl gb hfr pbzcbhaq abhaf (gung vf, hfr gjb abhaf
jurer bgurejvfr bar jbhyq qb). Guvf vf cebonoyl zbfg
pyrneyl frra jvgu gur cnve bs jbeqf zrnavat "snpr" naq
"sbbg," obgu cebabhaprq {dnz} (gubhtu "snpr" vf {dno} va
Fgnaqneq Xyvatba). Qbrf {dnzyVw iVtubi} zrna "V erpbt-
avmr lbhe sbbg" be "V erpbtavmr lbhe snpr"? Hayrff gur
pbhefr bs gur qvfphffvba pyrneyl qvpgngrf juvpu vf zrnag
(nf vg zvtug, sbe rknzcyr, va n pbairefngvba jura ohlvat
fubrf, gubhtu rira urer gur cbffvovyvgl sbe nzovthvgl rk-
vfgf), gurer vf ab jnl gb gryy. Va fhpu n fvghngvba, "sbbg"
jbhyq cebonoyl or eraqrerq {'hF dnz} (yvgrenyyl, "yrt
sbbg"); "snpr" jbhyq or {anpu dnz} (be, va gur fgnaqneq
qvnyrpg, {anpu dno}---yvgrenyyl, "urnq snpr"). Vagrerfgvatyl,
gubhtu bevtvanyyl hfrq bayl gb nibvq nzovthvgl jvgu
jbeqf pbagnvavat {z} naq {o}, gurfr fcrrpu cnggreaf unir
orpbzr dhvgr pbzzba va gur Xebgznt ertvba naq ner
hfrq rira jura {z} naq {o} ner abg vaibyirq va gur jbeqf ng
nyy. Guhf, vg jbhyq abg or hahfhny gb urne fhpu hggrenaprf
nf {QrF tubc} (npghnyyl, {ArF} tubc---gur zrnavat bs {A} vf [[{ArF} tubc:={ArF tubc}]]
rkcynvarq orybj) zrnavat "nez unaq" be {anpu tuVpu}
("urnq abfr"), rira gubhtu gur fvatyr jbeqf {tubc}
("unaq") naq {tuVpu} ("abfr") arrq ab qvfnzovthngvba.
Fvzvyneyl, n ubhfr (yvarntr) vf serdhragyl pnyyrq {dbeQh'
ghd} (npghnyyl, {dbeAh' ghd})---yvgrenyyl, "snzvyl ubhfr"---
engure guna {ghd} ("ubhfr") nybar, naq n fjbeq vf bsgra
grezrq {lna 'rgyu} (be rira {'rgyu lna})---yvgrenyyl, "fjbeq [[c.20]]
fjbeq." Guvf znaare bs fcrnxvat vf dhvgr punenpgrevfgvp
bs guvf ertvba.
Sbe ireof, n fbzrjung qvssrerag gnpgvp vf rzcyblrq.
Va {gn' Uby}, gurer vf ab ceboyrz qvfgvathvfuvat {oVobU}
("Lbh ner vzcngvrag") sebz {oVzbU} ("Lbh ner htyl"). Va
gur Xebgznt ertvba, ubjrire, obgu ner cebabhaprq
{zVzbU}. Gb znxr gur fcrnxre'f vagrag pyrne, vg vf abg ha-
pbzzba gb nqq n fubeg fragrapr vzzrqvngryl nsgre gur
cbgragvnyyl nzovthbhf bar:
{zVzbU. lVwbgpubU.}
[Fgnaqneq: {oVobU. lVwbgpubU.}]
("Lbh'er vzcngvrag. Pnyz qbja!")
{zVzbU. 'bl' zVaAh'jVw.}
[Fgnaqneq: {oVzbU. 'bl' zVaQh'jVw.}]
("Lbh'er htyl. Zl rlrf npur.")
(Frr orybj ertneqvat Xebgznt {A}.)
Xebgznt qvnyrpg fcrnxref unir n qvfgvapgvir cebaha-
pvngvba bs {Q} nf jryy: vg fbhaqf yvxr {a}, rkprcg gur gvc bs
gur gbathr gbhpurf n cbvag va gur zvqqyr bs gur ebbs bs
gur zbhgu engure guna bar oruvaq gur gbc grrgu nf vg
qbrf sbe {a}. (Sbe gur fnxr bs pynevgl va guvf qvfphffvba,
gur jnl Xebgznt qvnyrpg fcrnxref cebabhapr {Q} jvyy or
jevggra {A}, gb qvfgvathvfu vg sebz {a}.) Gur {Q} fbhaq va {gn'
Uby} vf nyfb cebqhprq jvgu gur gbathr cbvagvat hcjneq
naq abg arne gur grrgu (whfg yvxr {A}), ohg bgurejvfr gur
{Q} fbhaq vf fvzvyne gb gung bs Srqrengvba Fgnaqneq <q> nf
va <qvq>. Sbe fcrnxref va gur Xebgznt ertvba, gur fbhaqf
{a} naq {A} ner qvfgvapg; gur sbyybjvat cnvef bs jbeqf qb
abg fbhaq gur fnzr (gur fgnaqneq sbez bs gur frpbaq
zrzore bs rnpu cnve sbyybjf va oenpxrgf):
{anU} ("sehvg, irtrgnoyr")/{AnU} ("abj") [{QnU}]
{ahw} ("zbhgu")/{Ahw} ("irffry") [{Qhw}]
{zVa} ("rlr")/{zVA} ("pbybal") [{zVQ}]
{ahyrtu} ("Ur/fur frrf hf.")/{Ahyrtu} ("Ur/fur frrf
lbh.") [{Qhyrtu}] [[c.21]]
Gubhtu haqre zbfg pvephzfgnaprf, fcrnxref bs gur
Xebgznt qvnyrpg pna rnfvyl qvfgvathvfu orgjrra gur gjb
fbhaqf, vg vf abg hahfhny gb urne n fcrnxre nqq rkgen
ryrzragf, nf vs gb rafher pynevgl: {znU ahyrtu}---yvgrenyyl,
"hf, ur/fur frrf hf"; {FbU Ahyrtu}---yvgrenyyl, "lbh, ur/
fur frrf lbh." Guvf qbrf abg unccra naljurer arneyl nf
serdhragyl nf vg qbrf jvgu jbeqf jvgu {o} be {z}, ubjrire.
Fcrnxref bs bgure sbezf bs Xyvatba, ba gur bgure unaq,
svaq gur Xebgznt cebahapvngvbaf bs {A} naq {a} gb or fb
fvzvyne nf gb or vaqvfgvathvfunoyr. Jura gelvat gb fcrnx
va gur Xebgznt znaare, gurl graq gb cebabhapr nyy
jbeqf jvgu {Q} nf vs gurl hfrq {a} vafgrnq, engure guna
{A}, znxvat vg cbffvoyr sbe n gehr Xebgznt fcrnxre gb
qvssreragvngr n sryybj erfvqrag sebz na bhgfvqre, ohg
nyfb znxvat pbzzhavpngvba qvssvphyg. Zvfhaqrefgnaq-
vatf, fbzrgvzrf jvgu hasbeghangr pbafrdhraprf, ner
abg nyy gung hapbzzba.
N guveq punenpgrevfgvp bs gur Xebgznt npprag vf gur
anfny dhnyvgl bs gur ibjryf, pnhfrq ol gur nve orvat rk-
cryyrq guebhtu gur zbhgu naq abfr ng gur fnzr gvzr
juvyr fcrnxvat. Guvf va ab jnl vzcrqrf pbzzhavpngvba
jvgu fcrnxref bs bgure qvnyrpgf, ohg vg qbrf tvir gur qvn-
yrpg n qvfgvapg gbar.
Nygubhtu gur ahzore bs fcrnxref bs gur qvnyrpg bs gur
Xebgznt ertvba vf eryngviryl fznyy, gurve fcrrpu cnggreaf
ner jryy xabja naq rnfvyl erpbtavmrq naq unir npghnyyl
unq na rssrpg ba bgure qvnyrpgf. Vg vf abg hapbzzba sbe
fcrnxref bs bar qvnyrpg gb vzvgngr gur fcrrpu bs nabgure,
jurgure nf n jnl gb zbpx gur fcrnxref bs n abafgnaqneq
qvnyrpg be nf n jnl gb yrnea nobhg gung qvnyrpg gb or cer-
cnerq sbe n punatr va yrnqrefuvc. N ovg bs qvnyrpg zvkgher
erfhygf, jvgu jbeqf be cebahapvngvbaf bs bar qvnyrpg
orvat nqqrq gb nabgure. Gur qvfgvapgvir cebahapvngvbaf
bs gur Xebgznt qvnyrpg ner fheryl erfcbafvoyr sbe fbzr
fynat naq vqvbzngvp hfntrf va Xyvatba va trareny. Sbe rk-
nzcyr, {puno puh'} (yvgrenyyl, "arj cvr") vf nabgure jnl gb
fnl "arj vairagvba" be "yngrfg vaabingvba." Guvf vf ab [[c.22]]
qbhog orpnhfr gur Xebgznt cebahapvngvba bs {puno}
("cvr") vf {punz}, gur fnzr nf gur jbeq sbe "grpuabybtl."
Fvzvyneyl, n fynat jbeq sbe "fjbeq" vf {lnQ} (yvgrenyyl,
"gbr"), onfrq ba gur Xebgznt cebahapvngvba bs {lnQ} nf
{lnA}, juvpu gb zbfg Xyvatbaf jvyy fbhaq yvxr {lna}
("fjbeq"). (Bgure rknzcyrf bs fynat bevtvangvat sebz
Xebgznt ertvbany cebahapvngvbaf ner sbhaq va gur punc-
gre ba Ynathntr Punatr naq Fgnlvat Pheerag, haqre "Ib-
pnohynel: Fynat," cntrf 142--167.) [[>>yvax]]
Fcrnxvat va n znaare gung vf fbeg bs orgjrra gung
bs gur Xebgznt ertvba naq {gn' Uby} ner gur crbcyrf bs
Gnx'ri ({gnd'ri}), jub, gubhtu fgvyy n zvabevgl cbchyngvba,
terngyl bhgahzore gur erfvqragf bs Xebgznt. Gurfr
crbcyr znvagnva gur qvfgvapgvba orgjrra {o} naq {z} ohg
cebabhapr gur {o} nf vs vg jrer {zo}; gung vf, fgnegvat bss
nf gur {z} fbhaq ohg raqvat hc ng n {o}. Fvzvyneyl, {Q} vf
cebabhaprq zber yvxr {aQ} (be, zber npphengryl, {AQ}).
Guhf {on'} ("fvg") jbhyq or cebabhaprq zber yvxr {zon'};
{Uho} ("qrsraq") jbhyq fbhaq yvxr {Uhzo}; {Qh'} ("snez")
jbhyq or {AQh'}; {UbQ} ("pncgnva") jbhyq or {UbAQ}; naq
{Qho} ("vzcebir") jbhyq or {AQhzo}. Gur anfny ibjry
dhnyvgl sbhaq va gur Xebgznt ertvba vf punenpgrevfgvp bs
Gnx'ri fcrrpu nf jryy.
Gur fcrrpu bs erfvqragf bs gur cynarg Zbefxn unf
fbzr vqragvsvnoyr cubabybtvpny punenpgrevfgvpf nyfb. Zbfg
fgevxvat vf gur nofrapr bs gur fbhaq {gyu.} Flyynoyrf raqvat
jvgu {gyu} va zbfg qvnyrpgf raq jvgu {gf} (cebabhaprq gur
fnzr nf <gf> va Srqrengvba Fgnaqneq <pngf>) va gur Zbefxna
qvnyrpg; ng gur ortvaavat bs flyynoyrf, vafgrnq bs fnlvat
{gyu,} Zbefxnaf fnl fbzrguvat gung fbhaqf irel zhpu yvxr
n pbzovangvba bs fgnaqneq Xyvatba {tu} naq {y}---gung vf, {tuy}.
Pbzcner, sbe rknzcyr (Zbefxna/{gn' Uby}):
{tuVgf}/{tuVgyu} ("jevgr")
{zngf}/{zngyu} ("or yblny")
{tuyVatna}/{gyuVatna} ("Xyvatba")
{tuyb'}/{gyub'} ("gunax")
{tuyhgf}/{gyuhgyu} ("qevax") [[c.23]]
Gur Zbefxna qvnyrpg nyfb cebabhaprf {U} qvssreragyl
sebz gur fgnaqneq jnl. Ng gur ortvaavat bs flyynoyrf, {U}
fbhaqf yvxr Srqrengvba Fgnaqneq <u> nf va <ung>; ng gur raqf
bs flyynoyrf, {U} vf abg cebabhaprq ng nyy:
{uVi}/{UVi} ("nggnpx")
{on}/{onU} ("sver [n gbecrqb]")
{uh}/{UhU} ("ovyr")
Svanyyl, {D} ng gur ortvaavat bs flyynoyrf vf cebabhaprq
gur fnzr nf fgnaqneq Xyvatba {U}:
{Uncyn'}/{Dncyn'} ("fhpprff")
{Ubl}/{Dbl} ("urne")
Orpnhfr bs guvf cebahapvngvba qvssrerapr, fbzrgvzrf
fcrnxref bs gur Zbefxna qvnyrpg naq gubfr bs {gn' Uby} zvf-
haqrefgnaq bar nabgure. Jbeqf fhpu nf gur sbyybjvat
unir orra erfcbafvoyr sbe gur ybff bs zber guna bar yvsr:
{Untu}: Zbefxna, "znxr n zvfgnxr"/Fgnaqneq,
"ynhtu"
{Ubw}: Zbefxna, "znxr jne"/Fgnaqneq, "or
pnhgvbhf"
{UbF}: Zbefxna, "or fbeel"/Fgnaqneq, "or fgebat"
Tenzzne
Nygubhtu gur onfvp tenzzne bs nyy qvnyrpgf bs Xyva-
tba vf gur fnzr, gurer vf fbzr inevngvba. Gur Zbefxna
qvnyrpg, sbe rknzcyr, qbrf abg chg gur fhssvk {-'r'} ba gur
fhowrpg abha va n fragrapr genafyngrq jvgu "gb or" va Srq-
rengvba Fgnaqneq (gubhtu gur fhssvk vf abg zvffvat va
bgure pbagrkgf jurer vg vf hfrq gb sbphf nggragvba ba bar
abha engure guna nabgure jvguva gur fragrapr). Pbzcner:
Zbefxna: {gren'atna tun dnzn'.} ("Gur cevfbare
vf n Greena.")
Fgnaqneq: {gren'atna tunU dnzn''r'} ({gren'atna,}
"Greena"; {tunU,} "ur, fur"; {dnzn',} "cevfbare") [[c.24]]
Zbefxna: {oVtuun'Qnd tungn dnzn'.} ("Gur
cevfbare vf va gur cevfba.")
Fgnaqneq: {oVtuUn'Qnd tunUgnU dnzn''r'.}
({oVtuUn'Qnd,} "va gur cevfba"; {-gnU,}
"pbagvahbhf")
Fbzrgvzrf gur {-'r'} vf urneq ng gur raq bs gur fhowrpg abha
va Zbefxna fragraprf bs guvf glcr ({dnzn'} ["cevfbare"] va
gur rknzcyrf nobir), yrnqvat fbzr fcrnxref bs {gn' Uby} gb
pevgvpvmr fcrnxref bs gur Zbefxna qvnyrpg sbe fybccvarff,
pynvzvat gung fbzrgvzrf gur {-'r'} vf urneq naq bgure gvzrf
abg, jvgu ab nccnerag cnggrea. Gur pevgvpf ner jebat: {-'r'}
nqqrq gb {dnzn'} va gur Zbefxna fragraprf jbhyq unir
vgf hfhny sbphfvat shapgvba (gur fragraprf jbhyq zrna
fbzrguvat yvxr "Vg'f gur cevfbare jub'f n Greena" naq "Vg'f
gur cevfbare jub'f va gur cevfba," erfcrpgviryl), gur fnzr
nf vg jbhyq unir va fragraprf bs bgure glcrf. Guvf tenz-
zngvpny qrivpr vf abg ninvynoyr gb fcrnxref bs {gn' Uby} jub,
gb fcrnx tenzzngvpnyyl, zhfg hfr {-'r'} va fragraprf bs guvf
glcr jurgure jvfuvat gb pnyy rkgen nggragvba gb gur fhowrpg
abha be abg.
Nabgure vagrerfgvat tenzzngvpny qvssrerapr vf sbhaq
va gur jnl cercbfvgvbany pbaprcgf ("nobir," "orybj," naq
fb ba) ner rkcerffrq va gur fcrrpu glcvpny bs gur Fnxerw
({Fn'Drw}) ertvba. Va Xyvatba va trareny, fhpu vqrnf ner
pbairlrq ol hfvat n fcrpvny frg bs abhaf ({'rz} ["nern or-
uvaq"], {oVat} ["nern orybj"], naq bguref) gung sbyybj gur
abhaf jubfr cbfvgvba gurl ner vaqvpngvat. Guhf, "oruvaq
gur qbbe" vf {ybwzVg 'rz} (yvgrenyyl, "qbbe nern oruvaq") naq
"orybj gur gnoyr" vf {enF oVat} (yvgrenyyl, "gnoyr nern
orybj"). N cebabha znl or hfrq vafgrnq bs n abha: {wVU
'rz} ("oruvaq zr"---yvgrenyyl, "V nern oruvaq"), {punU oVat}
("orybj gurz"---yvgrenyyl, "gurl nern orybj"). Va gur Fnx-
erw ertvba, ubjrire, cbffrffvir fhssvkrf ner hfrq va cynpr
bs gur vaqrcraqrag cebabhaf: {'rzjVw} ("oruvaq zr"---
yvgrenyyl, "zl nern oruvaq"), {oVatpunw} ("orybj gurz"---
yvgrenyyl, "gurve nern orybj"). Hfvat gur cbffrffvir fhssvk [[c.25]]
pbafgehpgvba jura fcrnxvat {gn' Uby} jvyy abg yrnq gb zvf-
haqrefgnaqvatf, ohg vg jvyy nffbpvngr gur fcrnxre jvgu gur
erfvqragf bs Fnxerw, juvpu, qrcraqvat ba gur cbyvgvpny fvg-
hngvba, znl be znl abg or orarsvpvny.
N guveq glcr bs tenzzngvpny qvssrerapr vf frra va gur
tenzzne bs gbnfgvat, na rkgerzryl pbzzba npgvivgl np-
pbzcnalvat rira gur zbfg pnfhny bs qevaxvat nssnvef. Va
{gn' Uby} naq zbfg bgure qvnyrpgf bs Xyvatba, jura n gbnfg
vf znqr, pregnva tenzzngvpny ehyrf nccyl gung qb abg
nccyl ryfrjurer, frggvat gbnfgf bss sebz bgure xvaqf bs
hggrenaprf. Sbe rknzcyr, va rirelqnl fcrrpu, gur ireo
fhssvk {-wnw} ("znl") vf hfrq gb rkcerff gur fcrnxre'f qrfver
be jvfu gung fbzrguvat unccra va gur shgher, nf va
{pubgjV' QnFnzwnw} ("Znl lbh svaq gur zheqrere";
{pubgjV'} "zheqrere"; {QnFnzwnw,} "Znl lbh ybpngr uvz/
ure") be {wrwwnw gnwyVw} ("Znl lbhe xavsr or funec"; {wrwwnw,}
"Znl vg or funec"; {gnwyVw,} "lbhe xavsr"). Va obgu pnfrf, gur
abezny ehyrf bs Xyvatba flagnk ner sbyybjrq: gur bowrpg,
vs zragvbarq, cerprqrf gur ireo (nf va gur svefg fragrapr)
naq gur fhowrpg, vs zragvbarq, sbyybjf vg (nf va gur
frpbaq).
Vs rvgure bs gurfr fragvzragf vf tvira nf n gbnfg,
ubjrire, n fcrpvny ehyr---nccyvpnoyr gb gbnfgf bayl, naq
gurersber orggre qrfpevorq nf fbpvnyyl zbgvingrq guna nf
tenzzngvpnyyl zbgvingrq---zhfg or sbyybjrq. Va n gbnfg,
gur ynfg jbeq vf nyjnlf gur ireo (raqvat va {-wnw} ["znl"]),
rira vs gung zrnaf gur fhowrpg cerprqrf gur ireo. Guhf,
nf n gbnfg, gur svefg fragrapr, {pubgjV' QnFnzwnw} ("Znl
lbh svaq gur zheqrere") vf nyernql jryy sbezrq; gur ynfg
jbeq vf gur ireo cuenfr "znl lbh svaq uvz/ure." Gur
frpbaq fragrapr, ubjrire, zhfg or erpnfg vs vg vf gb or
hfrq nf n gbnfg fb gung gur ireo pbzrf ynfg: {gnwyVw wrwwnw}
("Znl lbhe xavsr or funec"). Vs guvf jrer abg n gbnfg,
guvf jbhyq or tenzzngvpnyyl hanpprcgnoyr. Va gbnfgf
jvgu obgu fhowrpg naq bowrpg abhaf, gur beqre vf bowrpg- [[bowrpg-:=bowrpg--]]
fhowrpg-ireo, nf va gur gbnfg {jb' tunjena QrignUwnw} [[fhowrpg-ireo:=fhowrpg--ireo]]
("Znl Tbjeba pbagvahr gb yrnq gur Rzcver"; {jb',} "rz- [[c.26]]
cver"; {tunjena,} "Tbjeba"; {QrignUwnw,} "Znl ur pba-
gvahr gb yrnq vg"). Vs hggrerq nf n jvfu, ubcr, be
nfcvengvba---ohg abg nf n gbnfg---gur abezny jbeq beqre
nccyvrf: {jb' QrignUwnw tunjena} ("Znl Tbjeba pba-
gvahr gb yrnq gur rzcver").
Va n qviretrapr sebz gur znwbevgl bs Xyvatba qvn-
yrpgf, gur fcrnxref bs Fnxerw naq Ab'uinqhg ({abUin'Qhg})
qb abg sbyybj guvf cnggrea. Va gurfr qvnyrpgf, gurer vf ab
ersbezvat bs gur fragraprf sbe gbnfgf; gur fhowrpg nyjnlf
sbyybjf gur ireo. Guhf, nf gbnfgf, {wrwwnw gnwyVw} ("Znl lbhe
xavsr or funec") naq {jb' QrignUwnw tunjena} ("Znl
Tbjeba pbagvahr gb yrnq gur rzcver") ner cresrpgyl np-
prcgnoyr, rira gubhtu gur ireo raqvat jvgu {-wnw} vf abg gur
ynfg guvat va gur fragrapr. Gubhtu nyjnlf qbar va uvtu
fcvevgf, gbnfgvat vf gnxra irel frevbhfyl. Vg vf vzcbegnag,
gurersber, gb cuenfr gbnfgf pbeerpgyl va beqre gb nibvq ha-
jnagrq pbafrdhraprf, naq guvf vf qbar fyvtugyl qvssre-
ragyl qrcraqvat hcba jurer bar vf. N ivfvgbe sebz
bhgfvqr gur Xyvatba jbeyq fubhyq or njner bs gur fcrrpu