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schema.py
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# sql/schema.py
# Copyright (C) 2005-2018 the SQLAlchemy authors and contributors
# <see AUTHORS file>
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php
"""The schema module provides the building blocks for database metadata.
Each element within this module describes a database entity which can be
created and dropped, or is otherwise part of such an entity. Examples include
tables, columns, sequences, and indexes.
All entities are subclasses of :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.SchemaItem`, and as
defined in this module they are intended to be agnostic of any vendor-specific
constructs.
A collection of entities are grouped into a unit called
:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.MetaData`. MetaData serves as a logical grouping of
schema elements, and can also be associated with an actual database connection
such that operations involving the contained elements can contact the database
as needed.
Two of the elements here also build upon their "syntactic" counterparts, which
are defined in :class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.`, specifically
:class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Table` and :class:`~sqlalchemy.schema.Column`.
Since these objects are part of the SQL expression language, they are usable
as components in SQL expressions.
"""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from .. import exc, util, event, inspection
from .base import SchemaEventTarget, DialectKWArgs
import operator
from . import visitors
from . import type_api
from .base import _bind_or_error, ColumnCollection
from .elements import ClauseElement, ColumnClause, \
_as_truncated, TextClause, _literal_as_text,\
ColumnElement, quoted_name
from .selectable import TableClause
import collections
import sqlalchemy
from . import ddl
RETAIN_SCHEMA = util.symbol('retain_schema')
BLANK_SCHEMA = util.symbol(
'blank_schema',
"""Symbol indicating that a :class:`.Table` or :class:`.Sequence`
should have 'None' for its schema, even if the parent
:class:`.MetaData` has specified a schema.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.14
"""
)
def _get_table_key(name, schema):
if schema is None:
return name
else:
return schema + "." + name
# this should really be in sql/util.py but we'd have to
# break an import cycle
def _copy_expression(expression, source_table, target_table):
def replace(col):
if isinstance(col, Column) and \
col.table is source_table and col.key in source_table.c:
return target_table.c[col.key]
else:
return None
return visitors.replacement_traverse(expression, {}, replace)
@inspection._self_inspects
class SchemaItem(SchemaEventTarget, visitors.Visitable):
"""Base class for items that define a database schema."""
__visit_name__ = 'schema_item'
def _init_items(self, *args):
"""Initialize the list of child items for this SchemaItem."""
for item in args:
if item is not None:
item._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
def get_children(self, **kwargs):
"""used to allow SchemaVisitor access"""
return []
def __repr__(self):
return util.generic_repr(self, omit_kwarg=['info'])
@property
@util.deprecated('0.9', 'Use ``<obj>.name.quote``')
def quote(self):
"""Return the value of the ``quote`` flag passed
to this schema object, for those schema items which
have a ``name`` field.
"""
return self.name.quote
@util.memoized_property
def info(self):
"""Info dictionary associated with the object, allowing user-defined
data to be associated with this :class:`.SchemaItem`.
The dictionary is automatically generated when first accessed.
It can also be specified in the constructor of some objects,
such as :class:`.Table` and :class:`.Column`.
"""
return {}
def _schema_item_copy(self, schema_item):
if 'info' in self.__dict__:
schema_item.info = self.info.copy()
schema_item.dispatch._update(self.dispatch)
return schema_item
def _translate_schema(self, effective_schema, map_):
return map_.get(effective_schema, effective_schema)
class Table(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem, TableClause):
r"""Represent a table in a database.
e.g.::
mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
Column('mytable_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
Column('value', String(50))
)
The :class:`.Table` object constructs a unique instance of itself based
on its name and optional schema name within the given
:class:`.MetaData` object. Calling the :class:`.Table`
constructor with the same name and same :class:`.MetaData` argument
a second time will return the *same* :class:`.Table` object - in this way
the :class:`.Table` constructor acts as a registry function.
.. seealso::
:ref:`metadata_describing` - Introduction to database metadata
Constructor arguments are as follows:
:param name: The name of this table as represented in the database.
The table name, along with the value of the ``schema`` parameter,
forms a key which uniquely identifies this :class:`.Table` within
the owning :class:`.MetaData` collection.
Additional calls to :class:`.Table` with the same name, metadata,
and schema name will return the same :class:`.Table` object.
Names which contain no upper case characters
will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
unless they are a reserved word or contain special characters.
A name with any number of upper case characters is considered
to be case sensitive, and will be sent as quoted.
To enable unconditional quoting for the table name, specify the flag
``quote=True`` to the constructor, or use the :class:`.quoted_name`
construct to specify the name.
:param metadata: a :class:`.MetaData` object which will contain this
table. The metadata is used as a point of association of this table
with other tables which are referenced via foreign key. It also
may be used to associate this table with a particular
:class:`.Connectable`.
:param \*args: Additional positional arguments are used primarily
to add the list of :class:`.Column` objects contained within this
table. Similar to the style of a CREATE TABLE statement, other
:class:`.SchemaItem` constructs may be added here, including
:class:`.PrimaryKeyConstraint`, and :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
:param autoload: Defaults to False, unless :paramref:`.Table.autoload_with`
is set in which case it defaults to True; :class:`.Column` objects
for this table should be reflected from the database, possibly
augmenting or replacing existing :class:`.Column` objects that were
explicitly specified.
.. versionchanged:: 1.0.0 setting the :paramref:`.Table.autoload_with`
parameter implies that :paramref:`.Table.autoload` will default
to True.
.. seealso::
:ref:`metadata_reflection_toplevel`
:param autoload_replace: Defaults to ``True``; when using
:paramref:`.Table.autoload`
in conjunction with :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing`, indicates
that :class:`.Column` objects present in the already-existing
:class:`.Table` object should be replaced with columns of the same
name retrieved from the autoload process. When ``False``, columns
already present under existing names will be omitted from the
reflection process.
Note that this setting does not impact :class:`.Column` objects
specified programmatically within the call to :class:`.Table` that
also is autoloading; those :class:`.Column` objects will always
replace existing columns of the same name when
:paramref:`.Table.extend_existing` is ``True``.
.. versionadded:: 0.7.5
.. seealso::
:paramref:`.Table.autoload`
:paramref:`.Table.extend_existing`
:param autoload_with: An :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` object
with which this :class:`.Table` object will be reflected; when
set to a non-None value, it implies that :paramref:`.Table.autoload`
is ``True``. If left unset, but :paramref:`.Table.autoload` is
explicitly set to ``True``, an autoload operation will attempt to
proceed by locating an :class:`.Engine` or :class:`.Connection` bound
to the underlying :class:`.MetaData` object.
.. seealso::
:paramref:`.Table.autoload`
:param extend_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this
:class:`.Table` is already present in the given :class:`.MetaData`,
apply further arguments within the constructor to the existing
:class:`.Table`.
If :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing` or
:paramref:`.Table.keep_existing` are not set, and the given name
of the new :class:`.Table` refers to a :class:`.Table` that is
already present in the target :class:`.MetaData` collection, and
this :class:`.Table` specifies additional columns or other constructs
or flags that modify the table's state, an
error is raised. The purpose of these two mutually-exclusive flags
is to specify what action should be taken when a :class:`.Table`
is specified that matches an existing :class:`.Table`, yet specifies
additional constructs.
:paramref:`.Table.extend_existing` will also work in conjunction
with :paramref:`.Table.autoload` to run a new reflection
operation against the database, even if a :class:`.Table`
of the same name is already present in the target
:class:`.MetaData`; newly reflected :class:`.Column` objects
and other options will be added into the state of the
:class:`.Table`, potentially overwriting existing columns
and options of the same name.
.. versionchanged:: 0.7.4 :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing` will
invoke a new reflection operation when combined with
:paramref:`.Table.autoload` set to True.
As is always the case with :paramref:`.Table.autoload`,
:class:`.Column` objects can be specified in the same :class:`.Table`
constructor, which will take precedence. Below, the existing
table ``mytable`` will be augmented with :class:`.Column` objects
both reflected from the database, as well as the given :class:`.Column`
named "y"::
Table("mytable", metadata,
Column('y', Integer),
extend_existing=True,
autoload=True,
autoload_with=engine
)
.. seealso::
:paramref:`.Table.autoload`
:paramref:`.Table.autoload_replace`
:paramref:`.Table.keep_existing`
:param implicit_returning: True by default - indicates that
RETURNING can be used by default to fetch newly inserted primary key
values, for backends which support this. Note that
create_engine() also provides an implicit_returning flag.
:param include_columns: A list of strings indicating a subset of
columns to be loaded via the ``autoload`` operation; table columns who
aren't present in this list will not be represented on the resulting
``Table`` object. Defaults to ``None`` which indicates all columns
should be reflected.
:param info: Optional data dictionary which will be populated into the
:attr:`.SchemaItem.info` attribute of this object.
:param keep_existing: When ``True``, indicates that if this Table
is already present in the given :class:`.MetaData`, ignore
further arguments within the constructor to the existing
:class:`.Table`, and return the :class:`.Table` object as
originally created. This is to allow a function that wishes
to define a new :class:`.Table` on first call, but on
subsequent calls will return the same :class:`.Table`,
without any of the declarations (particularly constraints)
being applied a second time.
If :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing` or
:paramref:`.Table.keep_existing` are not set, and the given name
of the new :class:`.Table` refers to a :class:`.Table` that is
already present in the target :class:`.MetaData` collection, and
this :class:`.Table` specifies additional columns or other constructs
or flags that modify the table's state, an
error is raised. The purpose of these two mutually-exclusive flags
is to specify what action should be taken when a :class:`.Table`
is specified that matches an existing :class:`.Table`, yet specifies
additional constructs.
.. seealso::
:paramref:`.Table.extend_existing`
:param listeners: A list of tuples of the form ``(<eventname>, <fn>)``
which will be passed to :func:`.event.listen` upon construction.
This alternate hook to :func:`.event.listen` allows the establishment
of a listener function specific to this :class:`.Table` before
the "autoload" process begins. Particularly useful for
the :meth:`.DDLEvents.column_reflect` event::
def listen_for_reflect(table, column_info):
"handle the column reflection event"
# ...
t = Table(
'sometable',
autoload=True,
listeners=[
('column_reflect', listen_for_reflect)
])
:param mustexist: When ``True``, indicates that this Table must already
be present in the given :class:`.MetaData` collection, else
an exception is raised.
:param prefixes:
A list of strings to insert after CREATE in the CREATE TABLE
statement. They will be separated by spaces.
:param quote: Force quoting of this table's name on or off, corresponding
to ``True`` or ``False``. When left at its default of ``None``,
the column identifier will be quoted according to whether the name is
case sensitive (identifiers with at least one upper case character are
treated as case sensitive), or if it's a reserved word. This flag
is only needed to force quoting of a reserved word which is not known
by the SQLAlchemy dialect.
:param quote_schema: same as 'quote' but applies to the schema identifier.
:param schema: The schema name for this table, which is required if
the table resides in a schema other than the default selected schema
for the engine's database connection. Defaults to ``None``.
If the owning :class:`.MetaData` of this :class:`.Table` specifies
its own :paramref:`.MetaData.schema` parameter, then that schema
name will be applied to this :class:`.Table` if the schema parameter
here is set to ``None``. To set a blank schema name on a :class:`.Table`
that would otherwise use the schema set on the owning :class:`.MetaData`,
specify the special symbol :attr:`.BLANK_SCHEMA`.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.14 Added the :attr:`.BLANK_SCHEMA` symbol to
allow a :class:`.Table` to have a blank schema name even when the
parent :class:`.MetaData` specifies :paramref:`.MetaData.schema`.
The quoting rules for the schema name are the same as those for the
``name`` parameter, in that quoting is applied for reserved words or
case-sensitive names; to enable unconditional quoting for the
schema name, specify the flag
``quote_schema=True`` to the constructor, or use the
:class:`.quoted_name` construct to specify the name.
:param useexisting: Deprecated. Use :paramref:`.Table.extend_existing`.
:param comment: Optional string that will render an SQL comment on table
creation.
.. versionadded:: 1.2 Added the :paramref:`.Table.comment` parameter
to :class:`.Table`.
:param \**kw: Additional keyword arguments not mentioned above are
dialect specific, and passed in the form ``<dialectname>_<argname>``.
See the documentation regarding an individual dialect at
:ref:`dialect_toplevel` for detail on documented arguments.
"""
__visit_name__ = 'table'
def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
if not args:
# python3k pickle seems to call this
return object.__new__(cls)
try:
name, metadata, args = args[0], args[1], args[2:]
except IndexError:
raise TypeError("Table() takes at least two arguments")
schema = kw.get('schema', None)
if schema is None:
schema = metadata.schema
elif schema is BLANK_SCHEMA:
schema = None
keep_existing = kw.pop('keep_existing', False)
extend_existing = kw.pop('extend_existing', False)
if 'useexisting' in kw:
msg = "useexisting is deprecated. Use extend_existing."
util.warn_deprecated(msg)
if extend_existing:
msg = "useexisting is synonymous with extend_existing."
raise exc.ArgumentError(msg)
extend_existing = kw.pop('useexisting', False)
if keep_existing and extend_existing:
msg = "keep_existing and extend_existing are mutually exclusive."
raise exc.ArgumentError(msg)
mustexist = kw.pop('mustexist', False)
key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
if key in metadata.tables:
if not keep_existing and not extend_existing and bool(args):
raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Table '%s' is already defined for this MetaData "
"instance. Specify 'extend_existing=True' "
"to redefine "
"options and columns on an "
"existing Table object." % key)
table = metadata.tables[key]
if extend_existing:
table._init_existing(*args, **kw)
return table
else:
if mustexist:
raise exc.InvalidRequestError(
"Table '%s' not defined" % (key))
table = object.__new__(cls)
table.dispatch.before_parent_attach(table, metadata)
metadata._add_table(name, schema, table)
try:
table._init(name, metadata, *args, **kw)
table.dispatch.after_parent_attach(table, metadata)
return table
except:
with util.safe_reraise():
metadata._remove_table(name, schema)
@property
@util.deprecated('0.9', 'Use ``table.schema.quote``')
def quote_schema(self):
"""Return the value of the ``quote_schema`` flag passed
to this :class:`.Table`.
"""
return self.schema.quote
def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
"""Constructor for :class:`~.schema.Table`.
This method is a no-op. See the top-level
documentation for :class:`~.schema.Table`
for constructor arguments.
"""
# __init__ is overridden to prevent __new__ from
# calling the superclass constructor.
def _init(self, name, metadata, *args, **kwargs):
super(Table, self).__init__(
quoted_name(name, kwargs.pop('quote', None)))
self.metadata = metadata
self.schema = kwargs.pop('schema', None)
if self.schema is None:
self.schema = metadata.schema
elif self.schema is BLANK_SCHEMA:
self.schema = None
else:
quote_schema = kwargs.pop('quote_schema', None)
self.schema = quoted_name(self.schema, quote_schema)
self.indexes = set()
self.constraints = set()
self._columns = ColumnCollection()
PrimaryKeyConstraint(_implicit_generated=True).\
_set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
self.foreign_keys = set()
self._extra_dependencies = set()
if self.schema is not None:
self.fullname = "%s.%s" % (self.schema, self.name)
else:
self.fullname = self.name
autoload_with = kwargs.pop('autoload_with', None)
autoload = kwargs.pop('autoload', autoload_with is not None)
# this argument is only used with _init_existing()
kwargs.pop('autoload_replace', True)
_extend_on = kwargs.pop("_extend_on", None)
include_columns = kwargs.pop('include_columns', None)
self.implicit_returning = kwargs.pop('implicit_returning', True)
self.comment = kwargs.pop('comment', None)
if 'info' in kwargs:
self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
if 'listeners' in kwargs:
listeners = kwargs.pop('listeners')
for evt, fn in listeners:
event.listen(self, evt, fn)
self._prefixes = kwargs.pop('prefixes', [])
self._extra_kwargs(**kwargs)
# load column definitions from the database if 'autoload' is defined
# we do it after the table is in the singleton dictionary to support
# circular foreign keys
if autoload:
self._autoload(
metadata, autoload_with,
include_columns, _extend_on=_extend_on)
# initialize all the column, etc. objects. done after reflection to
# allow user-overrides
self._init_items(*args)
def _autoload(self, metadata, autoload_with, include_columns,
exclude_columns=(), _extend_on=None):
if autoload_with:
autoload_with.run_callable(
autoload_with.dialect.reflecttable,
self, include_columns, exclude_columns,
_extend_on=_extend_on
)
else:
bind = _bind_or_error(
metadata,
msg="No engine is bound to this Table's MetaData. "
"Pass an engine to the Table via "
"autoload_with=<someengine>, "
"or associate the MetaData with an engine via "
"metadata.bind=<someengine>")
bind.run_callable(
bind.dialect.reflecttable,
self, include_columns, exclude_columns,
_extend_on=_extend_on
)
@property
def _sorted_constraints(self):
"""Return the set of constraints as a list, sorted by creation
order.
"""
return sorted(self.constraints, key=lambda c: c._creation_order)
@property
def foreign_key_constraints(self):
""":class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` objects referred to by this
:class:`.Table`.
This list is produced from the collection of :class:`.ForeignKey`
objects currently associated.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
"""
return set(fkc.constraint for fkc in self.foreign_keys)
def _init_existing(self, *args, **kwargs):
autoload_with = kwargs.pop('autoload_with', None)
autoload = kwargs.pop('autoload', autoload_with is not None)
autoload_replace = kwargs.pop('autoload_replace', True)
schema = kwargs.pop('schema', None)
_extend_on = kwargs.pop('_extend_on', None)
if schema and schema != self.schema:
raise exc.ArgumentError(
"Can't change schema of existing table from '%s' to '%s'",
(self.schema, schema))
include_columns = kwargs.pop('include_columns', None)
if include_columns is not None:
for c in self.c:
if c.name not in include_columns:
self._columns.remove(c)
for key in ('quote', 'quote_schema'):
if key in kwargs:
raise exc.ArgumentError(
"Can't redefine 'quote' or 'quote_schema' arguments")
if 'comment' in kwargs:
self.comment = kwargs.pop('comment', None)
if 'info' in kwargs:
self.info = kwargs.pop('info')
if autoload:
if not autoload_replace:
# don't replace columns already present.
# we'd like to do this for constraints also however we don't
# have simple de-duping for unnamed constraints.
exclude_columns = [c.name for c in self.c]
else:
exclude_columns = ()
self._autoload(
self.metadata, autoload_with,
include_columns, exclude_columns, _extend_on=_extend_on)
self._extra_kwargs(**kwargs)
self._init_items(*args)
def _extra_kwargs(self, **kwargs):
self._validate_dialect_kwargs(kwargs)
def _init_collections(self):
pass
def _reset_exported(self):
pass
@property
def _autoincrement_column(self):
return self.primary_key._autoincrement_column
@property
def key(self):
"""Return the 'key' for this :class:`.Table`.
This value is used as the dictionary key within the
:attr:`.MetaData.tables` collection. It is typically the same
as that of :attr:`.Table.name` for a table with no
:attr:`.Table.schema` set; otherwise it is typically of the form
``schemaname.tablename``.
"""
return _get_table_key(self.name, self.schema)
def __repr__(self):
return "Table(%s)" % ', '.join(
[repr(self.name)] + [repr(self.metadata)] +
[repr(x) for x in self.columns] +
["%s=%s" % (k, repr(getattr(self, k))) for k in ['schema']])
def __str__(self):
return _get_table_key(self.description, self.schema)
@property
def bind(self):
"""Return the connectable associated with this Table."""
return self.metadata and self.metadata.bind or None
def add_is_dependent_on(self, table):
"""Add a 'dependency' for this Table.
This is another Table object which must be created
first before this one can, or dropped after this one.
Usually, dependencies between tables are determined via
ForeignKey objects. However, for other situations that
create dependencies outside of foreign keys (rules, inheriting),
this method can manually establish such a link.
"""
self._extra_dependencies.add(table)
def append_column(self, column):
"""Append a :class:`~.schema.Column` to this :class:`~.schema.Table`.
The "key" of the newly added :class:`~.schema.Column`, i.e. the
value of its ``.key`` attribute, will then be available
in the ``.c`` collection of this :class:`~.schema.Table`, and the
column definition will be included in any CREATE TABLE, SELECT,
UPDATE, etc. statements generated from this :class:`~.schema.Table`
construct.
Note that this does **not** change the definition of the table
as it exists within any underlying database, assuming that
table has already been created in the database. Relational
databases support the addition of columns to existing tables
using the SQL ALTER command, which would need to be
emitted for an already-existing table that doesn't contain
the newly added column.
"""
column._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
def append_constraint(self, constraint):
"""Append a :class:`~.schema.Constraint` to this
:class:`~.schema.Table`.
This has the effect of the constraint being included in any
future CREATE TABLE statement, assuming specific DDL creation
events have not been associated with the given
:class:`~.schema.Constraint` object.
Note that this does **not** produce the constraint within the
relational database automatically, for a table that already exists
in the database. To add a constraint to an
existing relational database table, the SQL ALTER command must
be used. SQLAlchemy also provides the
:class:`.AddConstraint` construct which can produce this SQL when
invoked as an executable clause.
"""
constraint._set_parent_with_dispatch(self)
def append_ddl_listener(self, event_name, listener):
"""Append a DDL event listener to this ``Table``.
.. deprecated:: 0.7
See :class:`.DDLEvents`.
"""
def adapt_listener(target, connection, **kw):
listener(event_name, target, connection)
event.listen(self, "" + event_name.replace('-', '_'), adapt_listener)
def _set_parent(self, metadata):
metadata._add_table(self.name, self.schema, self)
self.metadata = metadata
def get_children(self, column_collections=True,
schema_visitor=False, **kw):
if not schema_visitor:
return TableClause.get_children(
self, column_collections=column_collections, **kw)
else:
if column_collections:
return list(self.columns)
else:
return []
def exists(self, bind=None):
"""Return True if this table exists."""
if bind is None:
bind = _bind_or_error(self)
return bind.run_callable(bind.dialect.has_table,
self.name, schema=self.schema)
def create(self, bind=None, checkfirst=False):
"""Issue a ``CREATE`` statement for this
:class:`.Table`, using the given :class:`.Connectable`
for connectivity.
.. seealso::
:meth:`.MetaData.create_all`.
"""
if bind is None:
bind = _bind_or_error(self)
bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaGenerator,
self,
checkfirst=checkfirst)
def drop(self, bind=None, checkfirst=False):
"""Issue a ``DROP`` statement for this
:class:`.Table`, using the given :class:`.Connectable`
for connectivity.
.. seealso::
:meth:`.MetaData.drop_all`.
"""
if bind is None:
bind = _bind_or_error(self)
bind._run_visitor(ddl.SchemaDropper,
self,
checkfirst=checkfirst)
def tometadata(self, metadata, schema=RETAIN_SCHEMA,
referred_schema_fn=None, name=None):
"""Return a copy of this :class:`.Table` associated with a different
:class:`.MetaData`.
E.g.::
m1 = MetaData()
user = Table('user', m1, Column('id', Integer, priamry_key=True))
m2 = MetaData()
user_copy = user.tometadata(m2)
:param metadata: Target :class:`.MetaData` object, into which the
new :class:`.Table` object will be created.
:param schema: optional string name indicating the target schema.
Defaults to the special symbol :attr:`.RETAIN_SCHEMA` which indicates
that no change to the schema name should be made in the new
:class:`.Table`. If set to a string name, the new :class:`.Table`
will have this new name as the ``.schema``. If set to ``None``, the
schema will be set to that of the schema set on the target
:class:`.MetaData`, which is typically ``None`` as well, unless
set explicitly::
m2 = MetaData(schema='newschema')
# user_copy_one will have "newschema" as the schema name
user_copy_one = user.tometadata(m2, schema=None)
m3 = MetaData() # schema defaults to None
# user_copy_two will have None as the schema name
user_copy_two = user.tometadata(m3, schema=None)
:param referred_schema_fn: optional callable which can be supplied
in order to provide for the schema name that should be assigned
to the referenced table of a :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`.
The callable accepts this parent :class:`.Table`, the
target schema that we are changing to, the
:class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint` object, and the existing
"target schema" of that constraint. The function should return the
string schema name that should be applied.
E.g.::
def referred_schema_fn(table, to_schema,
constraint, referred_schema):
if referred_schema == 'base_tables':
return referred_schema
else:
return to_schema
new_table = table.tometadata(m2, schema="alt_schema",
referred_schema_fn=referred_schema_fn)
.. versionadded:: 0.9.2
:param name: optional string name indicating the target table name.
If not specified or None, the table name is retained. This allows
a :class:`.Table` to be copied to the same :class:`.MetaData` target
with a new name.
.. versionadded:: 1.0.0
"""
if name is None:
name = self.name
if schema is RETAIN_SCHEMA:
schema = self.schema
elif schema is None:
schema = metadata.schema
key = _get_table_key(name, schema)
if key in metadata.tables:
util.warn("Table '%s' already exists within the given "
"MetaData - not copying." % self.description)
return metadata.tables[key]
args = []
for c in self.columns:
args.append(c.copy(schema=schema))
table = Table(
name, metadata, schema=schema,
comment=self.comment,
*args, **self.kwargs
)
for c in self.constraints:
if isinstance(c, ForeignKeyConstraint):
referred_schema = c._referred_schema
if referred_schema_fn:
fk_constraint_schema = referred_schema_fn(
self, schema, c, referred_schema)
else:
fk_constraint_schema = (
schema if referred_schema == self.schema else None)
table.append_constraint(
c.copy(schema=fk_constraint_schema, target_table=table))
elif not c._type_bound:
# skip unique constraints that would be generated
# by the 'unique' flag on Column
if c._column_flag:
continue
table.append_constraint(
c.copy(schema=schema, target_table=table))
for index in self.indexes:
# skip indexes that would be generated
# by the 'index' flag on Column
if index._column_flag:
continue
Index(index.name,
unique=index.unique,
*[_copy_expression(expr, self, table)
for expr in index.expressions],
_table=table,
**index.kwargs)
return self._schema_item_copy(table)
class Column(DialectKWArgs, SchemaItem, ColumnClause):
"""Represents a column in a database table."""
__visit_name__ = 'column'
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
r"""
Construct a new ``Column`` object.
:param name: The name of this column as represented in the database.
This argument may be the first positional argument, or specified
via keyword.
Names which contain no upper case characters
will be treated as case insensitive names, and will not be quoted
unless they are a reserved word. Names with any number of upper
case characters will be quoted and sent exactly. Note that this
behavior applies even for databases which standardize upper
case names as case insensitive such as Oracle.
The name field may be omitted at construction time and applied
later, at any time before the Column is associated with a
:class:`.Table`. This is to support convenient
usage within the :mod:`~sqlalchemy.ext.declarative` extension.
:param type\_: The column's type, indicated using an instance which
subclasses :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.TypeEngine`. If no arguments
are required for the type, the class of the type can be sent
as well, e.g.::
# use a type with arguments
Column('data', String(50))
# use no arguments
Column('level', Integer)
The ``type`` argument may be the second positional argument
or specified by keyword.
If the ``type`` is ``None`` or is omitted, it will first default to
the special type :class:`.NullType`. If and when this
:class:`.Column` is made to refer to another column using
:class:`.ForeignKey` and/or :class:`.ForeignKeyConstraint`, the type
of the remote-referenced column will be copied to this column as
well, at the moment that the foreign key is resolved against that
remote :class:`.Column` object.
.. versionchanged:: 0.9.0
Support for propagation of type to a :class:`.Column` from its
:class:`.ForeignKey` object has been improved and should be
more reliable and timely.
:param \*args: Additional positional arguments include various
:class:`.SchemaItem` derived constructs which will be applied
as options to the column. These include instances of
:class:`.Constraint`, :class:`.ForeignKey`, :class:`.ColumnDefault`,
and :class:`.Sequence`. In some cases an equivalent keyword
argument is available such as ``server_default``, ``default``
and ``unique``.
:param autoincrement: Set up "auto increment" semantics for an integer
primary key column. The default value is the string ``"auto"``
which indicates that a single-column primary key that is of
an INTEGER type with no stated client-side or python-side defaults
should receive auto increment semantics automatically;
all other varieties of primary key columns will not. This
includes that :term:`DDL` such as PostgreSQL SERIAL or MySQL
AUTO_INCREMENT will be emitted for this column during a table
create, as well as that the column is assumed to generate new
integer primary key values when an INSERT statement invokes which
will be retrieved by the dialect.
The flag may be set to ``True`` to indicate that a column which
is part of a composite (e.g. multi-column) primary key should
have autoincrement semantics, though note that only one column
within a primary key may have this setting. It can also
be set to ``True`` to indicate autoincrement semantics on a
column that has a client-side or server-side default configured,
however note that not all dialects can accommodate all styles
of default as an "autoincrement". It can also be
set to ``False`` on a single-column primary key that has a
datatype of INTEGER in order to disable auto increment semantics
for that column.
.. versionchanged:: 1.1 The autoincrement flag now defaults to