Numeric literals and column names which solely consist of digits are not correctly distinguished under a certain circumstance

[MikageSawatari]

Describe what's wrong

Numeric literals and column names which solely consist of digits are
not correctly distinguished under a certain circumstance, and can
yield a type error.

Does it reproduce on recent release?

21.12.2.1 and 22.2.3.1 are known to have this issue.

How to reproduce

Queries like this result in an error:

CREATE TABLE testdata (`1` String) ENGINE=MergeTree ORDER BY tuple();
INSERT INTO testdata VALUES ('testdata');

SELECT *
  FROM (
       SELECT if(isValidUTF8(`1`), NULL, 'error!') AS error_message,
              if(error_message IS NULL, 1, 0) AS valid
         FROM testdata
  )
  WHERE valid
;

Received exception from server (version 21.12.2):
Code: 43. DB::Exception: Received from localhost:9000. DB::Exception: Illegal type UInt8 of argument of function isValidUTF8: While processing SELECT if(isValidUTF8(`1`), NULL, 'error!') AS error_message, if(error_message IS NULL, 1, 0) AS valid FROM testdata WHERE valid. (ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_ARGUMENT)

This works:

SELECT if(isValidUTF8(`1`), NULL, 'error!') AS error_message,
      if(error_message IS NULL, 1, 0) AS valid
 FROM testdata
;

This works too:

SELECT *
  FROM (
       SELECT if(isValidUTF8(`1`), NULL, 'error!') AS error_message,
              if(error_message IS NULL, 2, 0) AS valid -- Literal 2 as opposed to 1.
         FROM testdata
  )
  WHERE valid
;

It seems the parser fails to interpret column names that look like
integers when they are in nested queries.

[Avogar]

select * from (select 'str' as `1`) where 1

Code: 59. DB::Exception: Received from localhost:9000. DB::Exception: Invalid type for filter in WHERE: String. (ILLEGAL_TYPE_OF_COLUMN_FOR_FILTER)

[Avogar]

:) select 'str', 1 as `'str'`
Code: 352. DB::Exception: Received from localhost:9000. DB::Exception: Block structure mismatch in (columns with identical name must have identical structure) stream: different types:
'str' String Const(size = 0, String(size = 1))
'str' UInt8 Const(size = 0, UInt8(size = 1)). (AMBIGUOUS_COLUMN_NAME)

[Avogar]

@kitaisreal is working on refactoring and improvements in identifier and alias analysis in #31796 and maybe his work will fix it