USearch HNSW index for ANN search

[davvard]

Fixes #52552

This PR integrates USearch that implements HNSW approximate nearest neighbor search. The code and SQL interface is similar to the existing Annoy index. It can be easily extended in future to support further metrics and allow on-the-fly quantization.

Changelog category (leave one):

• New Feature

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md)

Add experimental support for HNSW as approximate neighbor search method.

Documentation entry for user-facing changes

• [ X ] Documentation is written (mandatory for new features)

[CLAassistant]

Thank you for your submission! We really appreciate it. Like many open source projects, we ask that you all sign our Contributor License Agreement before we can accept your contribution.
2 out of 3 committers have signed the CLA.

✅ rschu1ze
✅ davvard
❌ ashvardanian
_{You have signed the CLA already but the status is still pending? Let us recheck it.}

[robot-ch-test-poll4]

This is an automated comment for commit 2c33051 with description of existing statuses. It's updated for the latest CI running
The full report is available here
The overall status of the commit is 🔴 failure

Check name	Description	Status
AST fuzzer	Runs randomly generated queries to catch program errors. The build type is optionally given in parenthesis. If it fails, ask a maintainer for help	🟢 success
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ClickHouse build check	Builds ClickHouse in various configurations for use in further steps. You have to fix the builds that fail. Build logs often has enough information to fix the error, but you might have to reproduce the failure locally. The cmake options can be found in the build log, grepping for cmake. Use these options and follow the general build process	🟢 success
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SQLTest	There's no description for the check yet, please add it to tests/ci/ci_config.py:CHECK_DESCRIPTIONS	🟢 success
SQLancer	Fuzzing tests that detect logical bugs with SQLancer tool	🔴 failure
Sqllogic	Run clickhouse on the sqllogic test set against sqlite and checks that all statements are passed	🟢 success
Stateful tests	Runs stateful functional tests for ClickHouse binaries built in various configurations -- release, debug, with sanitizers, etc	🟢 success
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[ashvardanian]

@rschu1ze, have you by any chance saved the error messages from RISC-V builds - the ones that are related to half-precision floats? We have a compilation flag, that allows switching to a more hardware-friendly implementation.

PS: Will extend documentation soon.

[rschu1ze]

@rschu1ze, have you by any chance saved the error messages from RISC-V builds - the ones that are related to half-precision floats? We have a compilation flag, that allows switching to a more hardware-friendly implementation.

PS: Will extend documentation soon.

Couldn't find them anymore in our CI.

But to repro the error message locally, do the following:

• checkout this PR
• remove the exclusion of RISCV in contrib/CMakeLists.txt
• comment out line set (LINKER_NAME "riscv64-linux-gnu-ld.bfd" CACHE STRING "Linker name" FORCE) in cmake/linux/toolchain-riscv64.cmake (didn't manage to setup this linker on my system quickly, but we don't need the linker for the repro anyways)
• mkdir build, cd build, cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=None -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=../cmake/linux/toolchain-riscv64.cmake -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER=clang-16 -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clang++-16 .., ninja src/CMakeFiles/dbms.dir/Storages/MergeTree/MergeTreeIndexUSearch.cpp.o

-- Build files have been written to: /home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/build_riscv
[0/2] Re-checking globbed directories...
[2/2] Building CXX object src/CMakeFiles/dbms.dir/Storages/MergeTree/MergeTreeIndexUSearch.cpp.o
FAILED: src/CMakeFiles/dbms.dir/Storages/MergeTree/MergeTreeIndexUSearch.cpp.o
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h.cpp.o -c /home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/src/Storages/MergeTree/MergeTreeIndexUSearch.cpp
In file included from /home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/src/Storages/MergeTree/MergeTreeIndexUSearch.cpp:3:
In file included from /home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/src/Storages/MergeTree/MergeTreeIndexUSearch.h:5:
In file included from /home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/src/Storages/MergeTree/ApproximateNearestNeighborIndexesCommon.h:3:
In file included from /home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/src/Storages/MergeTree/MergeTreeIndices.h:3:
In file included from /home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/string:551:
In file included from /home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/string_view:223:
In file included from /home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/functional:518:
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: error: loop not vectorized: the optimizer was unable to perform the requested transformation; the transformation might be disabled or specified as part of an unsupported transformation ordering [-Werror,-Wpass-failed=transform-warning]
    static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf,
               ^
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:879:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:904:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: error: loop not vectorized: the optimizer was unable to perform the requested transformation; the transformation might be disabled or specified as part of an unsupported transformation ordering [-Werror,-Wpass-failed=transform-warning]
    static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf,
               ^
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:904:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:1099:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: error: loop not vectorized: the optimizer was unable to perform the requested transformation; the transformation might be disabled or specified as part of an unsupported transformation ordering [-Werror,-Wpass-failed=transform-warning]
    static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf,
               ^
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:1099:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:879:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: error: loop not vectorized: the optimizer was unable to perform the requested transformation; the transformation might be disabled or specified as part of an unsupported transformation ordering [-Werror,-Wpass-failed=transform-warning]
    static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf,
               ^
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:879:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:904:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: error: loop not vectorized: the optimizer was unable to perform the requested transformation; the transformation might be disabled or specified as part of an unsupported transformation ordering [-Werror,-Wpass-failed=transform-warning]
    static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf,
               ^
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:904:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:904:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: error: loop not vectorized: the optimizer was unable to perform the requested transformation; the transformation might be disabled or specified as part of an unsupported transformation ordering [-Werror,-Wpass-failed=transform-warning]
    static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf,
               ^
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:904:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:1123:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: error: loop not vectorized: the optimizer was unable to perform the requested transformation; the transformation might be disabled or specified as part of an unsupported transformation ordering [-Werror,-Wpass-failed=transform-warning]
    static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf,
               ^
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:1123:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:934:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: error: loop not vectorized: the optimizer was unable to perform the requested transformation; the transformation might be disabled or specified as part of an unsupported transformation ordering [-Werror,-Wpass-failed=transform-warning]
    static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf,
               ^
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:934:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:934:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: error: loop not vectorized: the optimizer was unable to perform the requested transformation; the transformation might be disabled or specified as part of an unsupported transformation ordering [-Werror,-Wpass-failed=transform-warning]
    static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf,
               ^
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:934:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: note: could not determine the original source location for ./contrib/usearch/include/usearch/index_plugins.hpp:934:9
/home/ubuntu/repo/ch2/contrib/llvm-project/libcxx/include/__functional/function.h:710:16: error: loop not vectorized: the optimizer was unable to perform the requested transformation; the transformation might be disabled or specified as part of an unsupported transformation ordering [-Werror,-Wpass-failed=transform-warning]
    static _Rp __call_impl(const __policy_storage* __buf,
[...]