Add sub-second precision to formatReadableTimeDelta

[zvonand]

Add sub-second precision to formatReadableTimeDelta.
Closes #53156

Changelog category (leave one):

• Improvement

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Add sub-second precision to formatReadableTimeDelta

Documentation entry for user-facing changes

• Documentation is written (mandatory for new features)

[robot-clickhouse-ci-2]

This is an automated comment for commit d2c9533 with description of existing statuses. It's updated for the latest CI running

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Stateful tests	Runs stateful functional tests for ClickHouse binaries built in various configurations -- release, debug, with sanitizers, etc	✅ success
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Check name	Description	Status
Stateless tests	Runs stateless functional tests for ClickHouse binaries built in various configurations -- release, debug, with sanitizers, etc	❌ failure

[alexey-milovidov]

.

[alexey-milovidov]

This is wrong.
We should use the same logic as to shortest in double-conversion.

Example:

milovidov@milovidov-desktop:~$ clickhouse-local 
ClickHouse local version 23.9.1.1.

milovidov-desktop :) SELECT 123.3

SELECT 123.3

Query id: 832735e7-d22a-4669-8276-16a91ce93aa8

┌─123.3─┐
│ 123.3 │
└───────┘

1 row in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec. 

milovidov-desktop :) SELECT 123.3::Decimal(10, 10)

SELECT CAST('123.3', 'Decimal(10, 10)')

Query id: 2ec5e8a8-d276-455e-8e45-f1020716fe09

┌─CAST('123.3', 'Decimal(10, 10)')─┐
│                            123.3 │
└──────────────────────────────────┘

1 row in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec. 

milovidov-desktop :) SELECT CAST(123.3 AS Decimal(10, 10))

SELECT CAST(123.3, 'Decimal(10, 10)')

Query id: 135f276b-a094-4a81-9a85-f1eda5f4139d

┌─CAST(123.3, 'Decimal(10, 10)')─┐
│                          123.3 │
└────────────────────────────────┘

1 row in set. Elapsed: 0.001 sec.

[alexey-milovidov]

Too many commits - need to squash them.

[zvonand]

The only fail:
02151_hash_table_sizes_stats -- #54674

[alexey-milovidov]

What will happen if the argument is not constant?

[zvonand]

It will be an exception: Argument at index 2 for function formatReadableTimeDelta must be constant.
It is an always-constant one (just like the first arg was prior to this PR, see l.86):

    ColumnNumbers getArgumentsThatAreAlwaysConstant() const override { return {1, 2}; }