Fix ALTER COLUMN with ALIAS

[evillique]

Changelog category (leave one):

• Bug Fix (user-visible misbehavior in an official stable release)

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Fix ALTER COLUMN with ALIAS that previously threw the NO_SUCH_COLUMN_IN_TABLE exception. Closes #50927.

[robot-clickhouse]

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[SmitaRKulkarni]

LGTM

[evillique]

Tests:

• Integration tests (tsan) [5/6]: test_ttl_move/test.py::test_alter_with_merge_work is flaky #56686
• Stateless tests (debug) [2/5]: 01085_max_distributed_connections is flaky #56687