Fix: expand CTE in alter modify query

[yakov-olkhovskiy]

Changelog category (leave one):

• Bug Fix (user-visible misbehavior in an official stable release)

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

Fix bug when attempt to 'ALTER TABLE ... MODIFY QUERY' with CTE ends up with "Table [CTE] does not exist" exception (Code: 60)

closes #60517

[robot-clickhouse-ci-1]

This is an automated comment for commit 63a3555 with description of existing statuses. It's updated for the latest CI running

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Check name	Description	Status
Bugfix validation	Checks that either a new test (functional or integration) or there some changed tests that fail with the binary built on master branch	❌ failure
CI running	A meta-check that indicates the running CI. Normally, it's in success or pending state. The failed status indicates some problems with the PR	⏳ pending

Successful checks

Check name	Description	Status
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[alexey-milovidov]

Please check the "bugfix validate check".

[yakov-olkhovskiy]

Bugfix validation doesn't work, bug is reproducible:
https://fiddle.clickhouse.com/074fb0aa-4812-473d-8a42-084bf2971223