Make sanity check of settings worse

[Algunenano]

Changelog category (leave one):

• Bug Fix (user-visible misbehavior in an official stable release)

Changelog entry (a user-readable short description of the changes that goes to CHANGELOG.md):

• Sanity check: Clamp values instead of throwing

Documentation entry for user-facing changes

When I introduced setting sanity checks in 24.2 (#60138) I didn't anticipate anybody except the fuzzer would be using such trash values. I was wrong, and this led to problems during upgrades.

Introducing a setting to allow skipping sanity checks is stupid, as the sanity checks are necessary to prevent crashes that otherwise would require hundreds to different checks whenever some settings are used, so I intend to introduce 2 modes of sanity checks: the one introduced initially, where we throw and error, and the one I'm using to replace temporarily now where we clamp the values to something "valid" (still unreasonable in most cases).

This will be done in 2 stages:

• This PR: Changes the behaviour to clamp values, as it's intended to be backported.
• A future PR, where better checks will be introduced, controlled via the compatibility setting.

[robot-clickhouse-ci-2]

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[antaljanosbenjamin]

Maybe log the fact that clamping happened, so when somebody gets surprised, we can check the logs.

[SaltTan]

Logs can rotate quite quickly. I would love to see this information in system.errors as well.

[Algunenano]

I'll add some logs. Adding to system.errors might come in the future since we need extra code to support this (right now we only log exceptions) and I'd rather not backport that part.

[antaljanosbenjamin]

Maybe we can do something like:

SET max_block_size =9223372036854775806;
SELECT value FROM system.settings WHERE name = 'max_block_size';