A personal C-plus-plus study note. Check PDF for the latest output.
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cpp20: the first test case which is used for testing C++20 compiler
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linkage: internal linkage vs. external linkage, printing out variables address to check differences
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global_const: C++17
inline constexpr -
constexpr_consteval_fn: constexpr & consteval functions
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fn_template: function template
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ref_ptr: reference & pointer
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struct_size: struct size & deduction guild
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fn_ptr: function pointer
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algo:
#include <algorithm>standard library usage -
class: class declaration. Non-reusable class under its usage file; otherwise, split into
.hand.cppfile (one for declaration and one for implementation) -
friend_fn_cls:
friendkeyword can be used on a class or a member function.-
The former one means granting all members' accessibility;
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The latter one means granting specified member function the accessibility.
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timing: a simple helper tool to collect elapsed time
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differences among
public/protected/private -
the usage of mixin
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virtual_covariant_rtn: virtual function's covariant return type
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virtual_quiz: class inheritance with virtual function and operation<<
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using
std::initializer_listas a constructor's parameter; -
overloading operator= and operator[], and customize a container class
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partial template specification for pointer
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full template specification for
char*
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customized exception (class/enum class)
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exception inheritance (
std::exception/std::runtime_error)
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move semantics constructors & assignment
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comparison between copy and move
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stl_traits: STL
iterator_traitsmock code -
crtp: CRTP common usages, covering:
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static polymorphism
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limiting object count
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avoid code duplication
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polymorphic method chaining
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enabling polymorphic copy construction
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subscript_operator: overloading the subscript operator[]
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parenthesis_operator: overloading the parenthesis operator()
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Clangd extension, after installation:
cp ./clangd_17.0.3/bin/clangd /usr/bin/ cp -r ./clangd_17.0.3/lib/clang /usr/lib/
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C++ format in
settings.json:"clang-format.executable": "/opt/homebrew/bin/clang-format", "clang-format.style": "google", "clang-format.language.c.enable": true, "[c]": { "editor.defaultFormatter": "xaver.clang-format", "editor.wordBasedSuggestions": false, "editor.suggest.insertMode": "replace", "editor.semanticHighlighting.enabled": true }
Note "clang-format.executable" directory can be found by
whereis clang-format. -
Vscode user setting in order to solve pointer-alignment issue:
"C_Cpp.clang_format_fallbackStyle": "{ BasedOnStyle: LLVM, BreakBeforeBraces: Allman, PointerAlignment: Left, AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: false, IndentCaseLabels: false, ColumnLimit: 0 }". -
Vscode setting
.vscode/tasks.json(auto generated by vscode, but should be manually modified, reference)-
Mac, for each task's
args:"args": [ "-std=c++2a", "-fcolor-diagnostics", "-fansi-escape-codes", "-g", "${workspaceFolder}/cpp20/*.cpp", "-o", "${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}" ]
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Ubuntu, for each task's
args:"args": [ "-std=c++2a", "-fdiagnostics-color=always", "-g", "${workspaceFolder}/cpp20/*.cpp", "-o", "${fileDirname}/${fileBasenameNoExtension}" ]
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Note,
-std=c++2ameans to use C++20 to compile;"${workspaceFolder}/cpp20/*.cpp"means to scan all the .cpp file under/cpp20directory.
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Each time adding an executable, add a new task as well.
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Vscode intellisense
.vscode/c_cpp_properties.json, ref-
Ubuntu:
"configurations": [ { ... "configurationProvider": "ms-vscode.makefile-tools", "compileCommands": "${workspaceFolder}/build/compile_commands.json" } ]
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C_Cpp.clang_format_fallbackStylesettings, ref:--- # 语言: None, Cpp, Java, JavaScript, ObjC, Proto, TableGen, TextProto Language: Cpp # BasedOnStyle: LLVM # 访问说明符(public、private等)的偏移 AccessModifierOffset: -4 # 开括号(开圆括号、开尖括号、开方括号)后的对齐: Align, DontAlign, AlwaysBreak(总是在开括号后换行) AlignAfterOpenBracket: Align # 对齐数组列 AlignArrayOfStructures: None # 对齐连续宏定义 AlignConsecutiveMacros: None # 连续赋值时，对齐所有等号 AlignConsecutiveAssignments: None # 对齐连续位字段 AlignConsecutiveBitFields: None # 连续声明时，对齐所有声明的变量名 AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: None # 左对齐逃脱换行(使用反斜杠换行)的反斜杠 AlignEscapedNewlines: Left # 水平对齐二元和三元表达式的操作数 AlignOperands: Align # 对齐连续的尾随的注释 AlignTrailingComments: true # 允许函数声明的所有参数在放在下一行 AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: true # 允许短的枚举放在同一行 AllowShortEnumsOnASingleLine: true # 允许短的块放在同一行 AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Never # 允许短的case标签放在同一行 AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: false # 允许短的函数放在同一行 AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: All # 允许短的匿名函数放在同一行 AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: All # 允许短的if语句保持在同一行 AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: Never # 允许短的循环保持在同一行 AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: false # 总是在返回类型后换行 AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None # 总是在多行string字面量前换行 AlwaysBreakBeforeMultilineStrings: false # 总是在template声明后换行 AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: MultiLine AttributeMacros: - __capability # false表示函数实参要么都在同一行，要么都各自一行 BinPackArguments: true # false表示所有形参要么都在同一行，要么都各自一行 BinPackParameters: true # 大括号换行，只有当BreakBeforeBraces设置为Custom时才有效 BraceWrapping: AfterCaseLabel: false AfterClass: false AfterControlStatement: Never AfterEnum: false AfterFunction: false AfterNamespace: false AfterObjCDeclaration: false AfterStruct: false AfterUnion: false AfterExternBlock: false BeforeCatch: false BeforeElse: false BeforeLambdaBody: false BeforeWhile: false IndentBraces: false SplitEmptyFunction: true SplitEmptyRecord: true SplitEmptyNamespace: true # 在二元运算符前换行 BreakBeforeBinaryOperators: None # 在concept前换行 BreakBeforeConceptDeclarations: true # 在大括号前换行: Attach(始终将大括号附加到周围的上下文) BreakBeforeBraces: Attach # 继承列表样式 BreakInheritanceList: AfterComma # 在三元运算符前换行 BreakBeforeTernaryOperators: true # 构造函数初始值设定项换行样式 BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeComma # 在java字段的注释后换行 BreakAfterJavaFieldAnnotations: false # 每行字符的限制，0表示没有限制 ColumnLimit: 80 # 描述具有特殊意义的注释的正则表达式，它不应该被分割为多行或以其它方式改变 CommentPragmas: '^ IWYU pragma:' # 在新行上声明每个命名空间 CompactNamespaces: false # 构造函数的初始化列表的缩进宽度 ConstructorInitializerIndentWidth: 4 # 延续的行的缩进宽度 ContinuationIndentWidth: 4 # 去除C++11的列表初始化的大括号{后和}前的空格 Cpp11BracedListStyle: true # 继承最常用的换行方式 DeriveLineEnding: true # 继承最常用的指针和引用的对齐方式 DerivePointerAlignment: false # 关闭格式化 DisableFormat: false # 删除访问修饰符后的所有空行 EmptyLineAfterAccessModifier: Never # 仅当访问修饰符开始一个新的逻辑块时才添加空行 EmptyLineBeforeAccessModifier: LogicalBlock # 自动检测函数的调用和定义是否被格式为每行一个参数(Experimental) ExperimentalAutoDetectBinPacking: false # 自动补充namespace注释 FixNamespaceComments: true # 需要被解读为foreach循环而不是函数调用的宏 ForEachMacros: - foreach - Q_FOREACH - BOOST_FOREACH IfMacros: - KJ_IF_MAYBE # 多个#include块合并在一起并排序为一个 IncludeBlocks: Merge # 可以定义负数优先级从而保证某些#include永远在最前面 IncludeCategories: - Regex: '^"(llvm|llvm-c|clang|clang-c)/' Priority: 2 SortPriority: 0 CaseSensitive: false - Regex: '^(<|"(gtest|gmock|isl|json)/)' Priority: 3 SortPriority: 0 CaseSensitive: false - Regex: '.*' Priority: 1 SortPriority: 0 CaseSensitive: false IncludeIsMainRegex: '(Test)?$' IncludeIsMainSourceRegex: '' # 缩进访问修饰符 IndentAccessModifiers: false # 缩进case标签 IndentCaseLabels: false # case 标签后面的块使用与 case 标签相同的缩进级别 IndentCaseBlocks: false # 缩进goto标签。 IndentGotoLabels: false # 缩进预处理器指令 IndentPPDirectives: None # 向后兼容缩进外部块 IndentExternBlock: AfterExternBlock # 缩进模板中的requires子句 IndentRequires: false # 缩进宽度 IndentWidth: 4 # 函数返回类型换行时，缩进函数声明或函数定义的函数名 IndentWrappedFunctionNames: false # 插入尾随逗号 InsertTrailingCommas: None # 保留JavaScript字符串引号 JavaScriptQuotes: Leave # 包装 JavaScript 导入/导出语句 JavaScriptWrapImports: true # 保留在块开始处的空行 KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks: true # 相对于 lambda 签名对齐 lambda 主体 LambdaBodyIndentation: Signature # 开始一个块的宏的正则表达式 MacroBlockBegin: '' # 结束一个块的宏的正则表达式 MacroBlockEnd: '' # 连续空行的最大数量 MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: 1 # 命名空间的缩进 NamespaceIndentation: Inner ObjCBinPackProtocolList: Auto # 使用ObjC块时缩进宽度 ObjCBlockIndentWidth: 4 ObjCBreakBeforeNestedBlockParam: true # 在ObjC的@property后添加一个空格 ObjCSpaceAfterProperty: false # 在ObjC的protocol列表前添加一个空格 ObjCSpaceBeforeProtocolList: true PenaltyBreakAssignment: 2 PenaltyBreakBeforeFirstCallParameter: 19 PenaltyBreakComment: 300 PenaltyBreakFirstLessLess: 120 PenaltyBreakString: 1000 PenaltyBreakTemplateDeclaration: 10 PenaltyExcessCharacter: 1000000 PenaltyReturnTypeOnItsOwnLine: 60 PenaltyIndentedWhitespace: 0 # 指针的对齐: Left, Right, Middle PointerAlignment: Left # 缩进预处理器语句的列数 PPIndentWidth: -1 # 引用的对齐 ReferenceAlignment: Pointer # 允许重新排版注释 ReflowComments: true # 短命名空间跨越的最大展开行数 ShortNamespaceLines: 1 # 允许排序#include SortIncludes: CaseSensitive # java静态导入放在非静态导入之前 SortJavaStaticImport: Before # 对using声明排序 SortUsingDeclarations: true # 在C风格类型转换后添加空格 SpaceAfterCStyleCast: false # 在!后添加空格 SpaceAfterLogicalNot: false # 在Template关键字后添加空格 SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: true # 在赋值运算符之前添加空格 SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: true # 不在case冒号之前添加空格 SpaceBeforeCaseColon: false # 不在C++11大括号列表之前添加空格 SpaceBeforeCpp11BracedList: false # 在构造函数初始化器冒号之前添加空格 SpaceBeforeCtorInitializerColon: true # 在继承冒号前添加空格 SpaceBeforeInheritanceColon: true # 开圆括号之前添加一个空格: Never, ControlStatements, Always SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements # 不要确保指针限定符周围有空格，而是使用 PointerAlignment SpaceAroundPointerQualifiers: Default # 在基于范围的for循环冒号之前添加空格 SpaceBeforeRangeBasedForLoopColon: true # {}中间不添加空格 SpaceInEmptyBlock: false # 在空的圆括号中添加空格 SpaceInEmptyParentheses: false # 在尾随的评论前添加的空格数(只适用于//) SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: 1 # 在尖括号的<后和>前添加空格 SpacesInAngles: Never # 不在if/for/switch/while条件周围插入空格 SpacesInConditionalStatement: false # 在容器(ObjC和JavaScript的数组和字典等)字面量中添加空格 SpacesInContainerLiterals: true # 在C风格类型转换的括号中添加空格 SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: false # 行注释开头允许有多少个空格。要禁用最大值，请将其设置为-1，除此之外，最大值优先于最小值 SpacesInLineCommentPrefix: Minimum: 1 Maximum: -1 # 在圆括号的(后和)前添加空格 SpacesInParentheses: false # 在方括号的[后和]前添加空格，lamda表达式和未指明大小的数组的声明不受影响 SpacesInSquareBrackets: false # 不在[前添加空格 SpaceBeforeSquareBrackets: false # 位域:每边都添加空格 BitFieldColonSpacing: Both # 标准 Standard: Auto # 在语句前面被忽略的宏定义，就好像它们是一个属性一样 StatementAttributeLikeMacros: - Q_EMIT # 应该被解释为完整语句的宏定义 StatementMacros: - Q_UNUSED - QT_REQUIRE_VERSION # tab宽度 TabWidth: 4 # 使用\n换行 UseCRLF: false # 使用tab字符：ForIndentation——仅将制表符用于缩进 UseTab: ForIndentation # 对空格敏感的宏定义 WhitespaceSensitiveMacros: - STRINGIZE - PP_STRINGIZE - BOOST_PP_STRINGIZE - NS_SWIFT_NAME - CF_SWIFT_NAME ...