Rollup merge of rust-lang#72369 - Lucretiel:socketaddr-parse, r=dtolnay

Bring net/parser.rs up to modern up to date with modern rust patterns

The current implementation of IP address parsing is very unidiomatic; it's full of `if` / `return` / `is_some` / `is_none` instead of `?`, `loop` with manual index tracking; etc. Went through and did and cleanup to try to bring it in line with modern sensibilities.

The obvious concern with making changes like this is "make sure you understand why it's written that way before changing it". Looking through the commit history for this file, there are several much smaller commits that make similar changes (For instance, rust-lang@3024c14, rust-lang@4f3ab49, rust-lang@79f8764), and there don't seem to be any commits in the history that indicate that this lack of idiomaticity is related to specific performance needs (ie, there aren't any commits that replace a `for` loop with a `loop` and a manual index count). In fact, the basic shape of the file is essentially unchanged from its initial commit back in 2015.

Made the following changes throughout the IP address parser:
- Replaced all uses of `is_some()` / `is_none()` with `?`.
- "Upgraded" loops wherever possible; ie, replace `while` with `for`, etc.
    - Removed all cases of manual index tracking / incrementing.
- Renamed several single-character variables with more expressive names.
- Replaced several manual control flow segments with equivalent adapters (such as `Option::filter`).
- Removed `read_seq_3`; replaced with simple sequences of `?`.
- Parser now reslices its state when consuming, rather than carrying a separate state and index variable.
- `read_digit` now uses `char::to_digit`.
- Added comments throughout, especially in the complex IPv6 parsing logic.
- Added comprehensive local unit tests for the parser to validate these changes.