r.forcircular: Evaluation of circular bioconomy level of forest ecosy…

…stems (GRASS GIS 7 version) (#695)

* add the module r.forcircular for Grass7: Analyze and measure the level of sustainability of the forest-wood supply chain in a circular bioeconomy approach.

* remove space between # and %

src/raster/r.forcircular/Makefile

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+MODULE_TOPDIR = ../..
+
+PGM = r.forcircular
+
+include $(MODULE_TOPDIR)/include/Make/Script.make
+
+default: script

src/raster/r.forcircular/r.forcircular.html

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+<h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
+
+<em>r.forcircular</em> analyzes and measures the level of sustainability of the
+forest-wood supply chain in a circular bioeconomy approach.
+
+<h2>NOTES</h2>
+This module permits to identify potentially usable forest areas both from a
+technical and economic point of view. The required data input is a vector file
+with a series of mandatory fields described below:
+<ul>
+    <li>incr_ha: [float] value of the forest increase [mc * ha * year-1]</li>
+    <li>management: [integer] forest management system (form of government), can
+        take on two values, namely (1) for forest management and (2) for coppice
+        management</li>
+    <li>treatment: [integer] treatment adopted, it can take on two values,
+        namely (1) for the final use cut and (2) for the thinning. Thinning is
+        not foreseen for coppice woods.</li>
+    <li>roughness: [integer] level of terrain accidentality - (0): no
+        accidentality; (1): locally bumpy; (2): partially bumpy; (3): mostly
+        bumpy</li>
+    <li>tree_diam: [integer] average diameter of the stems [cm]. If the data is
+        not available, indicate the generic value 99999</li>
+    <li>tree_vol: [decimal] average volume per plant [m3]. If the data is not
+        available, indicate the generic value 9.999</li>
+    <li>rotation: [integer] cutting cycle (or forest shift) [years]</li>
+    <li>soil_prod: [integer] degree of soil productivity (fertility): (1): very
+        low; (2): low; (3): medium; (4); tall; (5): very high</li>
+    <li>PCI: [float] Average lower calorific value of the wood species present
+        in the polygon [MWh / t]</li>
+    <li>cut: [float]: cut percentage (range from 0 (0%) to 1 (100%)). It
+        represents the percentage of wood mass on the total stock that falls
+        during the cutting operation.</li>
+    <li>perc_round: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the
+        wood mass for round wood</li>
+    <li>perc_timb: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the
+        wood mass for poles</li>
+    <li>perc_fire: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the
+        wood mass for firewood</li>
+    <li>perc_res: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of wood
+        residues to be used for energy (wood chips)</li>
+    <li>perc_roun9: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the
+        wood mass for roundwood in the assortment optimization scenario</li>
+    <li>perc_timb9: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the
+        wood mass for poles in the assortment optimization scenario</li>
+    <li>perc_fire9: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the
+        wood mass for firewood in the assortment optimization scenario</li>
+    <li>perc_res9: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of wood
+        residues to be used for energy use (wood chips) in the assortment
+        optimization scenario</li>
+    <li>pric_roun: [float] corresponding to the average price for the roundwood
+        assortment [&euro; / m3]</li>
+    <li>pric_timb: [float] corresponding to the average price for the poles
+        assortment [&euro; / m3]</li>
+    <li>pric_fire: [float] corresponding to the average price for the firewood
+        assortment [&euro; / m3]</li>
+    <li>pric_bioe: [float] corresponding to the average price for biomass energy
+        for energy use [&euro; / MWh]</li>
+</ul>
+
+Other mandatory data:
+
+<ul>
+    <li>vector tracks file</li>
+    <li>vector boundaries file</li>
+    <li>raster digital elevetion model file</li>
+</ul>
+
+Optional data:
+
+<ul>
+    <li>vector rivers file</li>
+    <li>vector lakes file</li>
+    <li>vector protected areas file</li>
+</ul>
+
+<em>r.forcircular</em> identifies forest areas potentially exploitable from both
+technical (according to geomorphological, logistic and mechanization variables)
+and economic (through the estimation of stumpage value) points of view.
+Subsequently, the use of indicators belonging to the 4R framework of the
+circular economy (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover) allows to evaluate the level
+of circularity of the forest-wood supply chain. Finally, the application of
+spatial multicriteria analysis (SMCA) (specifically with compromise programming
+– CP – technique) permits to merge in a unique measure the level of circular
+bioeconomy for production of traditional wood assortments and bioenergy in
+forest areas. In the SMCA procedure, each indicator is weighted according to
+on-line questionnaire proposed to decision makers operating in the forest-based
+sector. The list of indicators used is the following:
+<br><br>
+<table border=1 cellpadding=3px>
+    <tr>
+        <td>4R</td>
+        <td>INDICATORS</td>
+        <td>DEFINITION</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+        <td>Reduce</td>
+        <td>i1 - Ratio (on annual basis) between annual value and annual mean
+            volume of harvested mass
+            <hr> i2 - CO2 emissions per unit of wood product
+        </td>
+        <td>Improving of the process efficiency reducing the utilization of
+            natural resources</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+        <td>Reuse</td>
+        <td>i5 - Ratio between the potential economic value of the wood
+            assortment and the real value earned</td>
+        <td>Valorisation of the valuable wood high quality assortments</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+        <td>Recover</td>
+        <td>i6 - Percentage of wood waste for bioenergy production
+            <hr> i7 - Amount of CO2 emissions saved per unit of energy produced
+            by wood wastes
+        </td>
+        <td>Energy recovery from wood waste products; Emissions saved from
+            energy recovery from wood waste products</td>
+    </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+The quantification of circular bioeconomy indicators is developed in the
+framework of provisioning forest ecosystem services. For this reason, the
+indicators and results of SMCA process are computed on forest surface with
+financial efficiency of production process or, in other terms, the area
+where a positive stumpage value can be reached. The calculation of stumpage 
+value is carried out following the approach of another GRASS GIS add-on: <a
+href="r.green.biomassfor.html">r.green.biomassfor</a>.
+
+<p>
+The model in <em>r.forcircular</em> starts with importation of geodata and
+conversion of vector intp raster. Then, through a multistep approach, the
+technical and the economic availability
+of biomass (both traditional wood assortments and woodchips for bioenergy
+production) are quantified. Technical availability depicts forest surface
+where the extraction of wood material is possible. 
+The approach combines type of mechanisation, limits for slope, 
+distance from roads and roughness. <br>
+In forest area where extraction is possible, the stumpage value is
+quantified as a combination of differenct factors such as 
+hourly unitary cost of each production process, worker costs, 
+hourly productivity and administrative costs.
+<br>
+The user can setthe upper and – if needed – lower limits for slope and
+distance
+from roads to obtain the technical surface: 
+
+<div align="center" style="margin: 10px">
+<a href="tech_function.png"><img src="tech_function.png" width="600"></a>
+</div>
+In forest area where extraction is possible, the stumpage value is
+quantified as
+follow: 
+
+<div align="center" style="margin: 10px">
+<a href="stumpage_function.png"><img src="stumpage_function.png" width="600"></a>
+</div>
+Subsequently, the 4R indicators are calculated on the forest area with
+positive revenue. <br> <br>
+The importance of each circular bioeconomy index derives from the work of
+Paletto et al. (see Paletto A, Becagli C, Geri F, et al (2022) Use of
+Participatory Processes in Wood Residue Management from a Circular
+Bioeconomy Perspective: An Approach Adopted in Italy. Energies 15:1011) 
+where – starting from a total sample of 56 decision makers operating 
+in forest-based sectorin Italy – 30 decision makers 
+filled out a questionnaire. 
+The decision makers involved in the study have been identified 
+based on their knowledge and experience in the fields of bioeconomy, 
+circular economic, and forest policy.
+According to the outputs provided by Paletto et al., the values of indices currently
+applied in <em>r.forcircular</em> (but modifiable by users) are: i1=0.15,
+i2=0.12, i3=0.12, i4=0.13, i5=0.14, i6=0.17, i7=0.16.
+
+<p>
+<em>r.forcircular</em> highlights the output in both numerical and
+geographical format. By means of zonal statistics operations following 
+results can be reported for the forest surface where stumpage value is 
+greater then 0: annual availability of assortments (m<sup>3</sup>/y) 
+recalibrated in category of harvested material (i.e., roundwood, timber 
+pole, firewood, woodchips converted in bioenergy and expressed in MWh/y), 
+annual stumpage value (&euro;/y), average annual stumpage value 
+(&euro;/ha·y-1), average stumpage value at harvesting
+(&euro;/ha) and avoided CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (tCO<sub>2</sub>/y). <br>
+<br>
+Quantification of circular bioeconomy is expressed by a SMCA procedure based
+on compromise programming (CP) technique. CP depicts the distance from the
+so-called “ideal” point, a hypothetical alternative defined as the most
+suitable level for each indicator (i) in the considered scenario. 
+The distance from ideal point (DIP) is measured with the decision rule: <br>
+<a href="dip.png"><img src="dip.png" width="300"></a><br>
+
+
+
+<h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
+This example is based on the case-study of Municipality Union of the Sieve and
+Arno valleys (province of Florence, Tuscany, Italy). The territory is
+mountainous and is located in the central Apennine. The surface of Municipality
+Union is 49,500 hectares with a forest index of 62%. Woodlands are
+mainly composed by broadleaved forests (84%), followed by conifers (10%) and
+mixed forests of broadleaved and conifers (6%). 
+Below you can see the vector parcel file, with a field structure like the
+manatory field scheme described above.
+<div align="center" style="margin: 10px">
+<a href="parcel.png"><img src="parcel.png" width="400"></a><br>
+<i>Parcel map</i>
+</div>
+On the basis of this example the correct syntax to run the module is:
+<div class="code"><pre>
+r.forcircular forest=parcel boundaries=study_Area dtm=dem tracks=forest_tracks \
+  rivers=rivers lakes=lakes protected_areas=reserved slp_min_cc=30. slp_max_cc=100. \
+  dist_max_cc=1000. dist_max_fw=900. slp_max_cop=30. dist_max_cop=800. \
+  hf_slope="cable crane - high power" c_slope="cable crane - medium/low power" \
+  hf_noslope="tractor" c_noslope="tractor" ind1=indicator1 ind2=indicator2 ind3=indicator3 \
+  ind4=indicator4 ind5=indicator5 ind6=indicator6 ind7=indicator7
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>
+The output maps are: technical_surface (forest surface where exploitation is
+technically possibile), economic_surface (forest surface where the exploitation
+is economically advantageous), emission (CO<sub>2</sub> produced by the
+exploitation), annual_avoided_emission (emissions avoided compared to the use of
+fossil fuels), revenues (map of economic revenues), dip (distance from ideal,
+the assessment of the circular economy level of the forest supply chain).
+Below there are two examples of the output maps corresponding respectively to
+the
+stumpage value and the annual avoided emission: <br><br>
+<div align="center" style="margin: 10px">
+    <a href="stumpage.png">
+        <img src="stumpage.png" width="400" alt="stumpage value map" border="0">
+    </a><a href="./avoided_emission.png">
+        <img src="./avoided_emission.png" width="400" alt="Avoided emission map"
+         border="0">
+    </a><br>
+    <i>Examples of output maps: stumpage value and avoided emission</i>
+</div>
+The output text results are the follow:
+<div class="code"><pre>
+#############################
+End of process 
+Name of output maps: 
+rep_roundwood -> roundwood (m3/y): 8507.3917
+rep_timber -> timber pole (m3/y): 195.4894
+rep_firewood -> firewood (m3/y): 7239.1150
+rep_bioenergy -> bioenergy (MWh/y): 6354.3441
+rep_sum_a_stumpage_value -> annual stumpage value (EUR/y): 147608.5463
+rep_ave_stumpage_value -> average stumpage value (EUR/ha): 3998.2780
+rep_ave_a_stumpage_value -> average annual stumpage value (EUR/ha*y-1): 28.2872
+rep_annual_avoided_emission -> annual avoided emissions (t): 1963.9961
+---------------------------
+rep_indicator1 -> annual value of wood on annual yield (euro/m3): 7.2534
+rep_indicator2 -> carbon dioxide emission per cubic meter (t/m3): 0.0001
+rep_indicator3 -> general index of forest surface utilization (ha/y):157.192
+rep_indicator4 -> general index of re-use (m3*y) sum: 292481.3438
+rep_indicator5 -> potential value of wood on real value (euro/euro): 1.3093
+rep_indicator6 -> percentual of wood residuals used in bioenergy production (%): 0.1277
+rep_indicator7 -> avoided CO2 per unit of energy produced (gCO2 /kWh): 308.6331
+dist_tot -> AMC map: 3.7276
+#############################
+</pre></div>
+
+
+<h2>REFERENCE</h2>
+
+Paletto A, Becagli C, Geri F, Sacchelli S, De Meo I. Use of Participatory
+Processes in Wood Residue Management from a Circular Bioeconomy Perspective: An
+Approach Adopted in Italy. Energies. 2022; 15(3):1011.
+<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031011">
+    https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031011</a>
+
+<h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
+
+<em>
+    <a href="r.green.biomassfor.html">r.green.biomassfor</a>
+</em>
+
+<h2>AUTHORS</h2>
+
+Francesco Geri and Sandro Sacchelli