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r.forcircular: Evaluation of circular bioconomy level of forest ecosy…
…stems (#694) * add new module r.forcircular: Analyze and measure the level of sustainability of the forest-wood supply chain in a circular bioeconomy approach. * add some patch to resolve suggested issues * change 9,999 to number format 9.999 * insert a space between # and % # % * removed row with overwrite:yes in parse module section * wrapped html code to 80 characters * images aligned correctly * accepted suggestion for wood waste; accepted suggestion for the new paragraph for the model explaination; code formatted correctly Co-authored-by: Veronica Andreo <veroandreo@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Markus Neteler <neteler@osgeo.org> Co-authored-by: Nicklas Larsson <n_larsson@yahoo.com>
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MODULE_TOPDIR = ../.. | ||
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PGM = r.forcircular | ||
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include $(MODULE_TOPDIR)/include/Make/Script.make | ||
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default: script |
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<h2>DESCRIPTION</h2> | ||
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<em>r.forcircular</em> analyzes and measures the level of sustainability of the | ||
forest-wood supply chain in a circular bioeconomy approach. | ||
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<h2>NOTES</h2> | ||
This module permits to identify potentially usable forest areas both from a | ||
technical and economic point of view. The required data input is a vector file | ||
with a series of mandatory fields described below: | ||
<ul> | ||
<li>incr_ha: [float] value of the forest increase [mc * ha * year-1]</li> | ||
<li>management: [integer] forest management system (form of government), can | ||
take on two values, namely (1) for forest management and (2) for coppice | ||
management</li> | ||
<li>treatment: [integer] treatment adopted, it can take on two values, | ||
namely (1) for the final use cut and (2) for the thinning. Thinning is | ||
not foreseen for coppice woods.</li> | ||
<li>roughness: [integer] level of terrain accidentality - (0): no | ||
accidentality; (1): locally bumpy; (2): partially bumpy; (3): mostly | ||
bumpy</li> | ||
<li>tree_diam: [integer] average diameter of the stems [cm]. If the data is | ||
not available, indicate the generic value 99999</li> | ||
<li>tree_vol: [decimal] average volume per plant [m3]. If the data is not | ||
available, indicate the generic value 9.999</li> | ||
<li>rotation: [integer] cutting cycle (or forest shift) [years]</li> | ||
<li>soil_prod: [integer] degree of soil productivity (fertility): (1): very | ||
low; (2): low; (3): medium; (4); tall; (5): very high</li> | ||
<li>PCI: [float] Average lower calorific value of the wood species present | ||
in the polygon [MWh / t]</li> | ||
<li>cut: [float]: cut percentage (range from 0 (0%) to 1 (100%)). It | ||
represents the percentage of wood mass on the total stock that falls | ||
during the cutting operation.</li> | ||
<li>perc_round: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the | ||
wood mass for round wood</li> | ||
<li>perc_timb: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the | ||
wood mass for poles</li> | ||
<li>perc_fire: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the | ||
wood mass for firewood</li> | ||
<li>perc_res: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of wood | ||
residues to be used for energy (wood chips)</li> | ||
<li>perc_roun9: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the | ||
wood mass for roundwood in the assortment optimization scenario</li> | ||
<li>perc_timb9: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the | ||
wood mass for poles in the assortment optimization scenario</li> | ||
<li>perc_fire9: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of the | ||
wood mass for firewood in the assortment optimization scenario</li> | ||
<li>perc_res9: [float] (from 0 to 1) corresponding to the percentage of wood | ||
residues to be used for energy use (wood chips) in the assortment | ||
optimization scenario</li> | ||
<li>pric_roun: [float] corresponding to the average price for the roundwood | ||
assortment [€ / m3]</li> | ||
<li>pric_timb: [float] corresponding to the average price for the poles | ||
assortment [€ / m3]</li> | ||
<li>pric_fire: [float] corresponding to the average price for the firewood | ||
assortment [€ / m3]</li> | ||
<li>pric_bioe: [float] corresponding to the average price for biomass energy | ||
for energy use [€ / MWh]</li> | ||
</ul> | ||
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Other mandatory data: | ||
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<ul> | ||
<li>vector tracks file</li> | ||
<li>vector boundaries file</li> | ||
<li>raster digital elevetion model file</li> | ||
</ul> | ||
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Optional data: | ||
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<ul> | ||
<li>vector rivers file</li> | ||
<li>vector lakes file</li> | ||
<li>vector protected areas file</li> | ||
</ul> | ||
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<em>r.forcircular</em> identifies forest areas potentially exploitable from both | ||
technical (according to geomorphological, logistic and mechanization variables) | ||
and economic (through the estimation of stumpage value) points of view. | ||
Subsequently, the use of indicators belonging to the 4R framework of the | ||
circular economy (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover) allows to evaluate the level | ||
of circularity of the forest-wood supply chain. Finally, the application of | ||
spatial multicriteria analysis (SMCA) (specifically with compromise programming | ||
– CP – technique) permits to merge in a unique measure the level of circular | ||
bioeconomy for production of traditional wood assortments and bioenergy in | ||
forest areas. In the SMCA procedure, each indicator is weighted according to | ||
on-line questionnaire proposed to decision makers operating in the forest-based | ||
sector. The list of indicators used is the following: | ||
<br><br> | ||
<table border=1 cellpadding=3px> | ||
<tr> | ||
<td>4R</td> | ||
<td>INDICATORS</td> | ||
<td>DEFINITION</td> | ||
</tr> | ||
<tr> | ||
<td>Reduce</td> | ||
<td>i1 - Ratio (on annual basis) between annual value and annual mean | ||
volume of harvested mass | ||
<hr> i2 - CO2 emissions per unit of wood product | ||
</td> | ||
<td>Improving of the process efficiency reducing the utilization of | ||
natural resources</td> | ||
</tr> | ||
<tr> | ||
<td>Reuse</td> | ||
<td>i5 - Ratio between the potential economic value of the wood | ||
assortment and the real value earned</td> | ||
<td>Valorisation of the valuable wood high quality assortments</td> | ||
</tr> | ||
<tr> | ||
<td>Recover</td> | ||
<td>i6 - Percentage of wood waste for bioenergy production | ||
<hr> i7 - Amount of CO2 emissions saved per unit of energy produced | ||
by wood wastes | ||
</td> | ||
<td>Energy recovery from wood waste products; Emissions saved from | ||
energy recovery from wood waste products</td> | ||
</tr> | ||
</table> | ||
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<p> | ||
The quantification of circular bioeconomy indicators is developed in the | ||
framework of provisioning forest ecosystem services. For this reason, the | ||
indicators and results of SMCA process are computed on forest surface with | ||
financial efficiency of production process or, in other terms, the area | ||
where a positive stumpage value can be reached. The calculation of stumpage | ||
value is carried out following the approach of another GRASS GIS add-on: <a | ||
href="r.green.biomassfor.html">r.green.biomassfor</a>. | ||
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<p> | ||
The model in <em>r.forcircular</em> starts with importation of geodata and | ||
conversion of vector intp raster. Then, through a multistep approach, the | ||
technical and the economic availability | ||
of biomass (both traditional wood assortments and woodchips for bioenergy | ||
production) are quantified. Technical availability depicts forest surface | ||
where the extraction of wood material is possible. | ||
The approach combines type of mechanisation, limits for slope, | ||
distance from roads and roughness. <br> | ||
In forest area where extraction is possible, the stumpage value is | ||
quantified as a combination of differenct factors such as | ||
hourly unitary cost of each production process, worker costs, | ||
hourly productivity and administrative costs. | ||
<br> | ||
The user can setthe upper and – if needed – lower limits for slope and | ||
distance | ||
from roads to obtain the technical surface: | ||
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<div align="center" style="margin: 10px"> | ||
<a href="tech_function.png"><img src="tech_function.png" width="600"></a> | ||
</div> | ||
In forest area where extraction is possible, the stumpage value is | ||
quantified as | ||
follow: | ||
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<div align="center" style="margin: 10px"> | ||
<a href="stumpage_function.png"><img src="stumpage_function.png" width="600"></a> | ||
</div> | ||
Subsequently, the 4R indicators are calculated on the forest area with | ||
positive revenue. <br> <br> | ||
The importance of each circular bioeconomy index derives from the work of | ||
Paletto et al. (see Paletto A, Becagli C, Geri F, et al (2022) Use of | ||
Participatory Processes in Wood Residue Management from a Circular | ||
Bioeconomy Perspective: An Approach Adopted in Italy. Energies 15:1011) | ||
where – starting from a total sample of 56 decision makers operating | ||
in forest-based sectorin Italy – 30 decision makers | ||
filled out a questionnaire. | ||
The decision makers involved in the study have been identified | ||
based on their knowledge and experience in the fields of bioeconomy, | ||
circular economic, and forest policy. | ||
According to the outputs provided by Paletto et al., the values of indices currently | ||
applied in <em>r.forcircular</em> (but modifiable by users) are: i1=0.15, | ||
i2=0.12, i3=0.12, i4=0.13, i5=0.14, i6=0.17, i7=0.16. | ||
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<p> | ||
<em>r.forcircular</em> highlights the output in both numerical and | ||
geographical format. By means of zonal statistics operations following | ||
results can be reported for the forest surface where stumpage value is | ||
greater then 0: annual availability of assortments (m<sup>3</sup>/y) | ||
recalibrated in category of harvested material (i.e., roundwood, timber | ||
pole, firewood, woodchips converted in bioenergy and expressed in MWh/y), | ||
annual stumpage value (€/y), average annual stumpage value | ||
(€/ha·y-1), average stumpage value at harvesting | ||
(€/ha) and avoided CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (tCO<sub>2</sub>/y). <br> | ||
<br> | ||
Quantification of circular bioeconomy is expressed by a SMCA procedure based | ||
on compromise programming (CP) technique. CP depicts the distance from the | ||
so-called “ideal” point, a hypothetical alternative defined as the most | ||
suitable level for each indicator (i) in the considered scenario. | ||
The distance from ideal point (DIP) is measured with the decision rule: <br> | ||
<a href="dip.png"><img src="dip.png" width="300"></a><br> | ||
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<h2>EXAMPLE</h2> | ||
This example is based on the case-study of Municipality Union of the Sieve and | ||
Arno valleys (province of Florence, Tuscany, Italy). The territory is | ||
mountainous and is located in the central Apennine. The surface of Municipality | ||
Union is 49,500 hectares with a forest index of 62%. Woodlands are | ||
mainly composed by broadleaved forests (84%), followed by conifers (10%) and | ||
mixed forests of broadleaved and conifers (6%). | ||
Below you can see the vector parcel file, with a field structure like the | ||
manatory field scheme described above. | ||
<div align="center" style="margin: 10px"> | ||
<a href="parcel.png"><img src="parcel.png" width="400"></a><br> | ||
<i>Parcel map</i> | ||
</div> | ||
On the basis of this example the correct syntax to run the module is: | ||
<div class="code"><pre> | ||
r.forcircular forest=parcel boundaries=study_Area dtm=dem tracks=forest_tracks \ | ||
rivers=rivers lakes=lakes protected_areas=reserved slp_min_cc=30. slp_max_cc=100. \ | ||
dist_max_cc=1000. dist_max_fw=900. slp_max_cop=30. dist_max_cop=800. \ | ||
hf_slope="cable crane - high power" c_slope="cable crane - medium/low power" \ | ||
hf_noslope="tractor" c_noslope="tractor" ind1=indicator1 ind2=indicator2 ind3=indicator3 \ | ||
ind4=indicator4 ind5=indicator5 ind6=indicator6 ind7=indicator7 | ||
</pre></div> | ||
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<p> | ||
The output maps are: technical_surface (forest surface where exploitation is | ||
technically possibile), economic_surface (forest surface where the exploitation | ||
is economically advantageous), emission (CO<sub>2</sub> produced by the | ||
exploitation), annual_avoided_emission (emissions avoided compared to the use of | ||
fossil fuels), revenues (map of economic revenues), dip (distance from ideal, | ||
the assessment of the circular economy level of the forest supply chain). | ||
Below there are two examples of the output maps corresponding respectively to | ||
the | ||
stumpage value and the annual avoided emission: <br><br> | ||
<div align="center" style="margin: 10px"> | ||
<a href="stumpage.png"> | ||
<img src="stumpage.png" width="400" alt="stumpage value map" border="0"> | ||
</a><a href="./avoided_emission.png"> | ||
<img src="./avoided_emission.png" width="400" alt="Avoided emission map" | ||
border="0"> | ||
</a><br> | ||
<i>Examples of output maps: stumpage value and avoided emission</i> | ||
</div> | ||
The output text results are the follow: | ||
<div class="code"><pre> | ||
############################# | ||
End of process | ||
Name of output maps: | ||
rep_roundwood -> roundwood (m3/y): 8507.3917 | ||
rep_timber -> timber pole (m3/y): 195.4894 | ||
rep_firewood -> firewood (m3/y): 7239.1150 | ||
rep_bioenergy -> bioenergy (MWh/y): 6354.3441 | ||
rep_sum_a_stumpage_value -> annual stumpage value (EUR/y): 147608.5463 | ||
rep_ave_stumpage_value -> average stumpage value (EUR/ha): 3998.2780 | ||
rep_ave_a_stumpage_value -> average annual stumpage value (EUR/ha*y-1): 28.2872 | ||
rep_annual_avoided_emission -> annual avoided emissions (t): 1963.9961 | ||
--------------------------- | ||
rep_indicator1 -> annual value of wood on annual yield (euro/m3): 7.2534 | ||
rep_indicator2 -> carbon dioxide emission per cubic meter (t/m3): 0.0001 | ||
rep_indicator3 -> general index of forest surface utilization (ha/y):157.192 | ||
rep_indicator4 -> general index of re-use (m3*y) sum: 292481.3438 | ||
rep_indicator5 -> potential value of wood on real value (euro/euro): 1.3093 | ||
rep_indicator6 -> percentual of wood residuals used in bioenergy production (%): 0.1277 | ||
rep_indicator7 -> avoided CO2 per unit of energy produced (gCO2 /kWh): 308.6331 | ||
dist_tot -> AMC map: 3.7276 | ||
############################# | ||
</pre></div> | ||
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<h2>REFERENCE</h2> | ||
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Paletto A, Becagli C, Geri F, Sacchelli S, De Meo I. Use of Participatory | ||
Processes in Wood Residue Management from a Circular Bioeconomy Perspective: An | ||
Approach Adopted in Italy. Energies. 2022; 15(3):1011. | ||
<a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031011"> | ||
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15031011</a> | ||
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<h2>SEE ALSO</h2> | ||
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<em> | ||
<a href="r.green.biomassfor.html">r.green.biomassfor</a> | ||
</em> | ||
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<h2>AUTHORS</h2> | ||
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Francesco Geri and Sandro Sacchelli |
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