Tests Questions & Answers

March - June 2024 Test 1 - 6

Test 1 Introduction, Encoding Data & History of computer

https://gakko.pjwstk.edu.pl/edux/7605 https://gakko.pjwstk.edu.pl/edux/7605/tests/6143/result/269874

Test 1: March 22 - April 3 (exceptionally a longer availability period than 8 days, due to the holiday break in the meantime)

Apr 2, 2024

Question 1

Turing machine:

[x] allows writing a program which computes the factorial of a given number

[x] acts in a way which depends, among other things, on the content of its tape

[] needs electric power supply in order to operate

Question 2

A valid algorithm must:

[] be the simplest way of achieving the solution for a given problem

[x] be non-ambiguous

[] operate on numbers written in the binary system

Question 3

Which of the following sentences are correct?

[x] mechanical machines don't have to be universal

[x] an example of a mechanical machine is a slide rule

[] the user cannot provide input data to a mechanical machine

Question 4

What is the representation of the number 473 in the base 7 system?

[] 4103

[x] 1244

[] 653

Question 5

What is the representation of the number -3.5 in the IEEE 754 single system?

[x] 1100 0000 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

[] 1011 0101 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

[] 0000 0011 0101 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

Discussion

Claude Haiku

Question 1

Turing machine:

• allows writing a program which computes the factorial of a given number

  • This is correct. Turing machines can be programmed to compute various mathematical functions, including the factorial of a number.

• acts in a way which depends, among other things, on the content of its tape

  • This is also correct. The behavior of a Turing machine depends on the contents of its tape, as well as the current state and the transition function.

• [] needs electric power supply in order to operate

  • This is incorrect. Turing machines are theoretical models of computation and do not require any physical power supply to operate.

Question 2

A valid algorithm must:

• [] be the simplest way of achieving the solution for a given problem

  • This is incorrect. The simplicity of an algorithm is not a requirement for it to be considered valid.

• be non-ambiguous

  • This is correct. A valid algorithm must be unambiguous, meaning that its steps must be clearly defined and not open to interpretation.

• [] operate on numbers written in the binary system

  • This is incorrect. Algorithms can operate on numbers written in various number systems, not just the binary system.

Question 3

Which of the following sentences are correct?

• mechanical machines don't have to be universal

  • This is correct. Mechanical machines can be specialized for specific tasks and don't necessarily need to be universal.

• an example of a mechanical machine is a slide rule

  • This is also correct. A slide rule is a mechanical device used for performing mathematical calculations.

• [] the user cannot provide input data to a mechanical machine

  • This is incorrect. Mechanical machines can be designed to accept input data from the user, such as setting the initial values on a slide rule.

Question 4

What is the representation of the number 473 in the base 7 system?

To convert 473 from decimal to base 7, we can follow these steps:

1. Divide 473 by 7 and record the remainder: 473 ÷ 7 = 67 with a remainder of 4.

2. Divide the quotient (67) by 7 and record the remainder: 67 ÷ 7 = 9 with a remainder of 4.

3. Divide the new quotient (9) by 7 and record the remainder: 9 ÷ 7 = 1 with a remainder of 2.

4. Divide the final quotient (1) by 7 and record the remainder: 1 ÷ 7 = 0 with a remainder of 1.

5. The representation of 473 in base 7 is the sequence of remainders in reverse order: 1244.

Therefore, the correct answer is [x] 1244.

Question 5

What is the representation of the number -3.5 in the IEEE 754 single system?

To represent -3.5 in the IEEE 754 single-precision floating-point format, we need to follow these steps:

1. Convert the decimal number to binary:

   • Integral part: -3 in binary is 11.
   • Fractional part: 0.5 in binary is 0.1.
   • The binary representation of -3.5 is 11.1.

2. Normalize the binary number:

   • The normalized form of 11.1 is 1.11 × 2^1.

3. Determine the sign, exponent, and mantissa:

   • Sign bit: 1 (negative)
   • Exponent: 1 + 127 (bias) = 128 (in binary: 10000000)
   • Mantissa: 11 (the digits after the implicit leading 1)

Putting it all together, the IEEE 754 single-precision representation of -3.5 is: 1100 0000 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000

Therefore, the correct answer is [x] 1100 0000 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000.

Test 2 Logic & Integrated Circuits

Apr 9, 2024 4.00PM

https://gakko.pjwstk.edu.pl/edux/7605

Question 1

Knowing just the truth table for some Boolean function, one can:

[] deduce for which input values the output of that function is the truth

[] deduce if the formula used to define that function contained the AND operator

[] deduce how many input variables that function takes

Question 2

The NAND operator:

can be used as the only type of operator in some expression equivalent to the following:

[] (a XOR b) AND (NOT (a OR b)) [] can be only used in the formulas of functions taking 2 input variables [] has a hardware implementation based on transistors

Question 3

For which of the following sets of input values (A0, A1, X0, X1, X2, X3) will the multiplexer shown below return 1 on the output?

Question 4

The hardware realization of computer memory is based on:

[] memory cells, consisting of 2 transistors

[] integrated circuits whose output values are connected back to their inputs

[] integrated circuits built of logic gates

Question 5

A Boolean function transforming a pair of input bits (in1 , in2) into the pair(in1 XOR in2 , in1 AND (NOT in2)):

[] can, for some values of input bits (in1 , in2), return the value (0, 0)

[] can, for some values of input bits (in1 , in2), return the value (0, 1)

[] can, for some values of input bits (in1 , in2), return the value (1, 1)

Discussion & Answers

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Question 1

Knowing just the truth table for some Boolean function, one can:

[] deduce for which input values the output of that function is the truth

[] deduce if the formula used to define that function contained the AND operator

[] deduce how many input variables that function takes

Let's analyze each statement one by one:

"deduce for which input values the output of that function is the truth"

This statement is true.

A truth table exhaustively lists all possible combinations of input values and the corresponding output value for each combination. By looking at the truth table, you can easily determine for which input values the function outputs true (1) or false (0).

"deduce if the formula used to define that function contained the AND operator"

This statement is not always true.

While in some cases, you might be able to deduce the presence of an AND operator by looking at the truth table, it is not guaranteed. Different Boolean expressions can result in the same truth table. For example, the truth tables for "A AND B" and "A NAND (NOT B)" are the same, but one uses the AND operator while the other does not.

"deduce how many input variables that function takes"

This statement is true.

The number of rows in a truth table is always 2^n, where n is the number of input variables. By counting the number of rows (excluding the header row) and calculating the logarithm base 2 of that number, you can determine the number of input variables. For example, if the truth table has 4 rows (excluding the header), the function takes log₂(4) = 2 input variables.

In summary, statements 1 and 3 are true, while statement 2 is not always true.

Question 2

The NAND operator can be used as the only type of operator in some expression equivalent to the following:

[] (a XOR b) AND (NOT (a OR b))

[] can be only used in the formulas of functions taking 2 input variables

[] has a hardware implementation based on transistors

Let's analyze each statement about the NAND operator:

"can be used as the only type of operator in some expression equivalent to the following:

(a XOR b) AND (NOT (a OR b))"

This statement is true. The NAND operator is functionally complete, which means that any Boolean function can be implemented using only NAND gates. Therefore, it is possible to create an expression equivalent to "(a XOR b) AND (NOT (a OR b))" using only NAND operators.

"can be only used in the formulas of functions taking 2 input variables"

This statement is false. The NAND operator is typically used with two input variables, but it can be used in formulas with more than two input variables. For example, you can have a 3-input NAND gate, where the output is true if and only if at least one of the three inputs is false.

"has a hardware implementation based on transistors"

This statement is true. In digital electronics, the NAND gate is a basic building block and is implemented using transistors. A typical NAND gate consists of two or more transistors arranged in a specific configuration to achieve the desired logical operation.

In summary, statements 1 and 3 are true, while statement 2 is false.

Question 3

For which of the following sets of input values (A0, A1, X0, X1, X2, X3) will the multiplexer shown below return 1 on the output?

[] (0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1) [] (1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0) [] (1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0)

To determine for which input combinations the given multiplexer will output 1, let's analyze the circuit:

The multiplexer has two selector inputs (A0 and A1) and four data inputs (X0, X1, X2, and X3). The selector inputs determine which data input is passed to the output Y. The output Y will be 1 only when the selected data input is 1. Now, let's go through each given input combination:

[x] **e) (0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1): When A1A0 = 01, the multiplexer selects input X1. Since X1 = 1, the output Y will be 1. **

[x] **f) (1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0): When A1A0 = 10, the multiplexer selects input X2. Since X2 = 1, the output Y will be 1. **

g) (1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0): When A1A0 = 11, the multiplexer selects input X3. Since X3 = 0, the output Y will be 0.

In summary:

For input combinations e, and f, the multiplexer will output 1. For input combination g, the multiplexer will output 0.

Question 4

The hardware realization of computer memory is based on:

[] memory cells, consisting of 2 transistors

[] integrated circuits whose output values are connected back to their inputs

[] integrated circuits built of logic gates

Let's analyze each statement about the hardware realization of computer memory:

"memory cells, consisting of 2 transistors"

This statement is partially true.

One type of computer memory, called Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), uses memory cells consisting of typically 6 transistors (not 2) to store one bit of data. However, there are other types of memory that use different configurations.

"integrated circuits whose output values are connected back to their inputs"

This statement is partially true. In some types of memory, such as Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), the output of the memory cell is fed back to the input to maintain the stored value. This is known as a refresh cycle. However, this is not true for all types of memory.

"integrated circuits built of logic gates"

This statement is true. Computer memory, like most digital circuits, is built using integrated circuits that consist of various logic gates. These gates are used to implement the necessary circuitry for storing, reading, and writing data.

In summary, statements 1 and 2 are partially true, as they apply to specific types of memory but not all. Statement 3 is generally true for all types of computer memory.

Question 5

A Boolean function transforming a pair of input bits (in1 , in2) into the pair

(in1 XOR in2 , in1 AND (NOT in2)):

[] can, for some values of input bits (in1 , in2), return the value (0, 0)

[] can, for some values of input bits (in1 , in2), return the value (0, 1)

[] can, for some values of input bits (in1 , in2), return the value (1, 1)

Let's analyze the Boolean function that transforms a pair of input bits (in1, in2) into the pair (in1 XOR in2, in1 AND (NOT in2)). We can create a truth table to examine the possible outputs for different input values.

in1 | in2 | in1 XOR in2 | NOT in2 | in1 AND (NOT in2) | Output ----+-----+------------+---------+-------------------+-------- 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | (0, 0) 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | (1, 0) 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | (1, 1) 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (0, 0)

Now, let's check each statement:

"can, for some values of input bits (in1, in2), return the value (0, 0)"

This statement is true.

From the truth table, we can see that for input values (0, 0) and (1, 1), the output is (0, 0).

"can, for some values of input bits (in1, in2), return the value (0, 1)"

This statement is false.

There are no input values that produce the output (0, 1).

"can, for some values of input bits (in1, in2), return the value (1, 1)"

This statement is true.

From the truth table, we can see that for input values (1, 0), the output is (1, 1).

In summary, statements 1 and 3 are true, while statement 2 is false.

Test 3

Computer Structure. Processor and Programs. Test 3

Test 3: April 19 - 26

Apr 26, 2024 11:30 PM

https://gakko.pjwstk.edu.pl/edux/7605

Question 1

Which of the following sentences are correct?

[] larger surface area of a single transistor translates to greater computing power of a computing device

[] different transistors may have different speed of execution

[] so far, we've been observing a trend of increasing the number of transistors in computers

Question 2

RISC is an architecture:

[] of read-only memory

[] which is used only in Harvard architecture

[] which requires the processor to offer a large number of registers, in comparison with CISC

Question 3

In case of parallel execution of a program:

[] there is no possibility that a data hazard could happen

[] there is no possibility that a structural hazard could happen

[] there is no possibility that a control hazard could happen

Question 4

A processor interrupt:

[] means that an error has occurred in the current computations

[] is purposed e.g. for granting access to the processor to subsequent programs

[] can be caused by an action of the computer user

Other tests: [] is the last phase of processing an order in the RISC architecture

Question 5

A program P, executed sequentially on a computer X, takes 20 seconds to complete.

A programmer managed to parallelize some pieces of the program, responsible in total for 60% of its original execution time. As a result, the execution time on the computer X fell down to 10 seconds.

This implies that the processor of computer X may contain:

[] 2 execution units

[] 4 execution units

[x] 16 execution units

Other tests: [x] 8 execution units

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Discussion

Question 1

Which of the following sentences are correct?

1. larger surface area of a single transistor translates to greater computing power of a computing device
2. different transistors may have different speed of execution
3. so far, we've been observing a trend of increasing the number of transistors in computers

Let's analyze each sentence one by one:

Larger surface area of a single transistor translates to greater computing power of a computing device:

This statement is incorrect. In fact, the opposite is generally true. As transistors become smaller, more of them can be packed onto a single chip, allowing for greater computational power. Smaller transistors also typically consume less power and generate less heat, enabling higher clock speeds and more efficient operation. The trend in computing has been towards miniaturization of transistors to increase computing power.

Different transistors may have different speed of execution:

This statement is correct. Transistors can have different switching speeds depending on various factors, such as their size, material composition, and manufacturing process. Even within a single processor, there may be variations in transistor speed due to manufacturing imperfections or intentional design choices. However, modern processors employ techniques like binning and dynamic frequency scaling to mitigate the impact of transistor speed variations and ensure consistent performance.

So far, we've been observing a trend of increasing the number of transistors in computers:

This statement is correct. Over the past several decades, there has been a consistent trend of increasing the number of transistors in computers, following Moore's Law. Moore's Law is an observation that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years. This trend has led to significant improvements in computing power, enabling the development of faster, more capable, and more efficient computers. However, as transistor sizes approach physical limits, the pace of Moore's Law has slowed in recent years.

In summary, sentences 2 and 3 are correct, while sentence 1 is incorrect. Different transistors can have different speeds of execution, and there has been a long-term trend of increasing the number of transistors in computers. However, larger surface area of a single transistor does not translate to greater computing power; instead, smaller transistors have enabled higher transistor density and improved performance.

Question 2

MS Copilot

RISC is an architecture:

of read-only memory

which is used only in Harvard architecture

which requires the processor to offer a large number of registers, in comparison with CISC

RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer, is an architecture that:

• Is not specifically an architecture of read-only memory. RISC refers to a type of CPU design that uses a smaller, highly optimized set of instructions.

• Is not used only in Harvard architecture. RISC can be implemented in both Harvard and von Neumann architectures. The distinction between Harvard and von Neumann architectures is about the storage and handling of instructions and data, not the instruction set.

• Does require the processor to offer a large number of registers, in comparison with CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer). RISC architectures typically have a larger number of registers to facilitate faster, more efficient execution of instructions by reducing the number of memory accesses.

In summary, RISC is a CPU design philosophy aimed at simplifying instructions and improving performance by using a larger set of registers and a smaller, more optimized set of instructions. It is not limited to read-only memory or Harvard architecture but is characterized by its efficient use of registers.

Anthropic Claude

Let's analyze each of the statements about RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) architecture: RISC is an architecture of read-only memory: This statement is incorrect. RISC is a processor architecture design philosophy, not specifically related to read-only memory (ROM). RISC processors can work with various types of memory, including RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM. RISC is used only in Harvard architecture: This statement is also incorrect. RISC is not limited to the Harvard architecture. RISC processors can be used in both Harvard and von Neumann architectures. The Harvard architecture separates the memory into separate instruction memory and data memory, while the von Neumann architecture uses a single memory for both instructions and data. RISC processors can be designed for either architecture. RISC requires the processor to offer a large number of registers, in comparison with CISC: This statement is correct. One of the key characteristics of RISC architecture is the provision of a larger number of registers compared to CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) architecture. RISC processors typically have 32 or more general-purpose registers, while CISC processors usually have fewer registers (e.g., 8 or 16). The larger number of registers in RISC allows for faster execution of instructions and reduces the need for frequent memory accesses. In summary, the third statement is the only correct one among the given options. RISC is not specifically related to read-only memory and can be used in both Harvard and von Neumann architectures. However, RISC processors do require a larger number of registers compared to CISC processors, which is one of the defining characteristics of the RISC architecture.

Question 3

In the case of parallel execution of a program, all three types of hazards can still occur:

Data hazard: Parallel execution does not eliminate the possibility of data hazards. If two instructions running on different execution units or processors depend on each other's results, a data hazard can still occur. Proper synchronization and communication mechanisms are required to avoid such hazards.

Structural hazard: Parallel execution can potentially increase the chances of structural hazards. When multiple instructions are executed simultaneously, they may compete for the same resources, such as memory, caches, or functional units. If the hardware does not have sufficient resources to support parallel execution, structural hazards can occur.

Control hazard: Control hazards can still happen in parallel execution. When a branch instruction is encountered, the processor may need to wait for the branch condition to be evaluated before knowing which instruction to fetch next. This can cause a control hazard, as the pipeline may need to be stalled or flushed if the branch prediction was incorrect.

Therefore, none of the statements provided are correct. Parallel execution does not eliminate the possibility of data hazards, structural hazards, or control hazards. In fact, parallel execution can introduce new challenges in handling these hazards effectively. Techniques such as synchronization, resource arbitration, and advanced branch prediction are employed to mitigate these hazards in parallel execution scenarios.

Question 4

https://sl.bing.net/c1uB492DTqu

A processor interrupt is a signal to the processor indicating an event that needs immediate attention. It can be triggered by various events, not necessarily an error. Here’s a breakdown of the points you mentioned: Means that an error has occurred in the current computations: Not necessarily. While an interrupt can be caused by an error (exception), it can also be triggered by other events that require the processor’s attention, such as I/O operations or a timer. Is purposed e.g., for granting access to the processor to subsequent programs: Yes, interrupts can be used to manage how the processor allocates time to various programs, ensuring that all processes get a chance to execute. Can be caused by an action of the computer user: Absolutely. User actions like pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse can generate interrupts that signal the processor to handle these input actions. In essence, interrupts are a mechanism to ensure that the processor responds to immediate or high-priority tasks, whether they are routine, user-generated, or error-related. They are essential for the efficient operation of a computer system, allowing it to respond quickly to various kinds of requests and events.

Question 5

https://sl.bing.net/kD3z1OoazC0

To determine the number of execution units in computer X’s processor, we can use Amdahl’s Law, which provides a formula to find the maximum expected improvement to an overall system when only part of the system is improved. It is represented as:

\text{Speedup} = \frac{1}{(1 - p) + \frac{p}{n}}

Where:

Speedup is the factor by which the execution time is reduced.

p is the proportion of execution time that the enhancement affects (in this case, parallelizable). n is the number of execution units.

Given:

The original execution time is 20 seconds.

The execution time after parallelization is 10 seconds, so the speedup is 2. 60% of the program is parallelized, so ( p = 0.6 ).

Plugging these values into Amdahl’s Law:

2 = \frac{1}{(1 - 0.6) + \frac{0.6}{n}}

Solving for ( n ):

2 = \frac{1}{0.4 + \frac{0.6}{n}}

2 = \frac{n}{0.4n + 0.6}

0.8n + 1.2 = n

0.2n = 1.2

n = 6

This calculation suggests that the processor has 6 execution units. However, since this is not one of the options provided, and considering that the actual number of execution units is typically a power of 2, it’s possible that the closest realistic number of execution units that computer X may contain is 8 execution units. The discrepancy might be due to the fact that not all processes are perfectly parallelizable or there might be overheads in managing the parallel processes.

‎Saturday, ‎27 ‎April ‎2024, ‏‎12:09:26 am

Test 4

On the assembler. Primary memory. Test 4 Questions 1-5 (TAK Computer Techniques and Architecture) https://gakko.pjwstk.edu.pl/edux/7605

https://github.com/TAK-PJATK/Test4.OnTheAssembler.PrimaryMemory

Test 4: May 10 - 17

May 16, 2024 3:15 PM

On the assembler. Primary memory. Test 4 Questions 1-5 (TAK Computer Techniques and Architecture)

Start date and time: 16.05.2024 15:20

End date and time: 16.05.2024 15:50

Question 1

Returning RAM data in multi-byte chunks:

[ ] is a feature of SDRAM memory

[ ] is intended to decrease the number of data transmissions from RAM

[ ] is intended to speed up the computer

Question 2

Processor cache:

[ ] is usually manufactured in the DDR4 SDRAM technology

[ ] in case when the requested data are not found, initiates handling a RAM page fault interrupt

[ ] may store multiple entries at a single index

Question 3

In the NASM assembly language:

[ ] one cannot refer to memory other than registers

[ ] there are dedicated instructions for modifying the code segment

[ ] there are dedicated instructions for placing data on the stack

Question 4

Which of the following left bit shift operations will give the same result as 2 << 6 ?

[ ] 1 << 7

[ ] 4 << 3

[ ] 16 << 3

Question 5

What will be the value of register bx after executing the following code in the NASM assembler language, assuming that the registers ax and bx had initially the values, respectively, of 3 and 2?

  mov cx, 1
loop:
  add  bx, ax
  cmp  cx, 12
  jg   end
  imul cx, 2
  jmp  loop
end:

[x] 17

[ ] 5

[ ] 8

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Discussion

Question 1

Let's analyze each answer choice step by step to determine if they are correct or not.

a. is a feature of SDRAM memory

This statement is correct. SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) is designed to return data in multi-byte chunks, also known as bursts. When a read request is made, SDRAM can return multiple consecutive bytes of data in a single burst, rather than just one byte at a time. This is a fundamental feature of SDRAM.

b. is intended to decrease the number of data transmissions from RAM

This statement is also correct. By returning data in multi-byte chunks, SDRAM reduces the number of individual data transmissions required to retrieve a large amount of data. Instead of making multiple separate requests for each byte, the CPU can request a burst of data, which the SDRAM will return in a single transmission. This decreases the overall number of data transmissions from RAM.

c. is intended to speed up the computer

This statement is correct as well. The primary reason for returning data in multi-byte chunks is to speed up the computer's performance. By reducing the number of data transmissions and taking advantage of the sequential nature of many memory accesses, SDRAM can provide data to the CPU more quickly. This faster data retrieval contributes to overall system performance improvements.

In conclusion, all three answer choices are correct. Returning RAM data in multi-byte chunks is indeed a feature of SDRAM memory, it decreases the number of data transmissions from RAM, and it is intended to speed up the computer by providing data more quickly to the CPU.

To determine the correct answer, let's consider each option:

a. Returning RAM data in multi-byte chunks is a feature of SDRAM memory.

• This statement is true. SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) is designed to transfer data in multi-byte chunks, typically in bursts of 4 or 8 bytes, to improve data throughput.

b. Returning RAM data in multi-byte chunks is intended to decrease the number of data transmissions from RAM.

• This statement is partially true. By transferring data in multi-byte chunks, the number of individual data transmissions is reduced compared to transferring each byte separately. However, the total amount of data transferred remains the same.

c. Returning RAM data in multi-byte chunks is intended to speed up the computer.

• This statement is true. Transferring data in multi-byte chunks allows for faster data access and improves overall system performance. By reducing the number of individual data transmissions, the memory bus can be utilized more efficiently, leading to faster data retrieval and processing.

Based on the analysis, both options (a) and (c) are correct. Returning RAM data in multi-byte chunks is indeed a feature of SDRAM memory, and it is intended to speed up the computer by improving data throughput and reducing the number of individual data transmissions.

Question 2

Let's analyze each statement about processor cache:

1. Processor cache is usually manufactured in the DDR4 SDRAM technology.

   • This statement is incorrect. Processor cache is typically built using SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) technology, not DDR4 SDRAM. SRAM is faster and has lower latency compared to DRAM, making it suitable for use as cache memory.

2. In case when the requested data are not found, processor cache initiates handling a RAM page fault interrupt.

   • This statement is incorrect. When the requested data is not found in the cache, it results in a cache miss. In this case, the processor fetches the data from the main memory (RAM) directly, without triggering a page fault interrupt. Page faults occur when the requested data is not found in the main memory and needs to be fetched from secondary storage (e.g., hard disk).

3. Processor cache may store multiple entries at a single index.

   • This statement is correct. In some cache designs, such as set-associative caches, multiple entries can be stored at a single index. Each index in a set-associative cache can hold multiple cache lines, allowing for efficient utilization of cache space and reducing cache misses.

In summary, the only correct statement about processor cache is that it may store multiple entries at a single index, which is a characteristic of set-associative caches.

You are correct that only answer c. is accurate. Let's go through each option step by step:

a. "Processor cache is usually manufactured in the DDR4 SDRAM technology"

• This statement is incorrect. Processor cache is typically built using SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) technology, which is faster and more expensive than DRAM (Dynamic RAM) like DDR4 SDRAM.
• SRAM doesn't need to be constantly refreshed like DRAM, allowing for faster access times, which is crucial for cache performance.

b. "In case when the requested data are not found, initiates handling a RAM page fault interrupt"

• This statement is also incorrect. When the requested data is not found in the cache, it is called a cache miss. In this case, the processor will fetch the data from the main memory (RAM) or a higher level of cache.
• A page fault occurs when the requested data is not found in the main memory and needs to be fetched from the secondary storage (e.g., hard disk). This is handled by the operating system and not directly related to the cache.

c. "Processor cache may store multiple entries at a single index"

• This statement is correct and refers to a concept called cache associativity.
• In a cache, each block of memory is mapped to a specific index in the cache. However, multiple blocks can be stored at the same index, depending on the cache associativity.
• For example, in a 4-way set-associative cache, each index can store up to 4 different blocks. This allows for better utilization of cache space and reduces cache misses.

Therefore, you are right that only answer c. is correct, as it accurately describes a characteristic of processor cache architecture.

Question 3

Let's analyze each statement about the NASM assembly language:

1. In the NASM assembly language, one cannot refer to memory other than registers.

   • This statement is incorrect. In NASM, you can refer to memory locations using various addressing modes, such as direct memory addressing, indirect memory addressing, and indexed addressing. You can access memory using instructions like MOV, PUSH, POP, etc., in addition to using registers.

2. In the NASM assembly language, there are dedicated instructions for modifying the code segment.

   • This statement is incorrect. In NASM, there are no dedicated instructions specifically designed for modifying the code segment. The code segment is typically read-only and contains the executable instructions of the program. Modifying the code segment during runtime is not a common practice and is usually avoided for security and stability reasons.

3. In the NASM assembly language, there are dedicated instructions for placing data on the stack.

   • This statement is correct. NASM provides instructions specifically for manipulating the stack, such as PUSH and POP. The PUSH instruction is used to place data onto the stack, while the POP instruction is used to remove data from the stack. These instructions automatically adjust the stack pointer (SP) to manage the stack efficiently.

In summary, the only correct statement about the NASM assembly language is that there are dedicated instructions for placing data on the stack, namely the PUSH and POP instructions.

In the NASM (Netwide Assembler) assembly language, only answer c. is correct. Let's analyze each option step by step:

a. "One cannot refer to memory other than registers"

• This statement is incorrect. In NASM, you can refer to memory locations using various addressing modes, not just registers.
• For example, you can use the mov instruction to move data between registers and memory, like mov eax, [var] to load the value from memory location var into the eax register.

b. "There are dedicated instructions for modifying the code segment"

• This statement is incorrect. In NASM, there are no dedicated instructions specifically for modifying the code segment.
• The code segment is a part of the program's memory where the executable instructions are stored. It is not typically modified during program execution.
• Instructions are fetched from the code segment and executed by the processor, but there are no specific instructions to modify the code segment itself.

c. "There are dedicated instructions for placing data on the stack"

• This statement is correct. NASM provides instructions specifically for manipulating the stack, which is a region of memory used for temporary storage and function call

Question 4

To determine which left bit shift operation will give the same result as 2 << 6, let's evaluate each option:

1. 1 << 7

   • 1 in binary is represented as 0000 0001
   • Shifting 1 to the left by 7 positions results in 1000 0000
   • In decimal, 1000 0000 represents 128

2. 4 << 3

   • 4 in binary is represented as 0000 0100
   • Shifting 4 to the left by 3 positions results in 0010 0000
   • In decimal, 0010 0000 represents 32

3. 16 << 3

   • 16 in binary is represented as 0001 0000
   • Shifting 16 to the left by 3 positions results in 1000 0000
   • In decimal, 1000 0000 represents 128

Now, let's evaluate 2 << 6:

• 2 in binary is represented as 0000 0010
• Shifting 2 to the left by 6 positions results in 1000 0000
• In decimal, 1000 0000 represents 128

Comparing the results, we can see that both 1 << 7 and 16 << 3 give the same result as 2 << 6, which is 128 in decimal or 1000 0000 in binary.

Therefore, the correct options are:

1 << 7

16 << 3

Both of these left bit shift operations will give the same result as 2 << 6.

Question 5

To determine the value of register bx after executing the given code, let's trace the execution step by step, assuming the initial values of ax = 3 and bx = 2.

1. mov cx, 1

   • cx is initialized to 1

2. loop:

   • This is a label marking the start of the loop

3. add bx, ax

   • bx = bx + ax
   • Initially, bx = 2 and ax = 3, so bx becomes 5

4. cmp cx, 12

   • Compare cx with 12
   • Initially, cx = 1, which is less than 12

5. jg end

   • Jump to the "end" label if cx is greater than 12
   • Since cx = 1, this condition is false, and the execution continues to the next instruction

6. imul cx, 2

   • cx = cx * 2
   • cx becomes 2 (1 * 2)

7. jmp loop

   • Jump back to the "loop" label

8. (Repeat steps 3-7)

   • bx = 5 + 3 = 8
   • cx = 2, which is still less than 12
   • cx = 2 * 2 = 4
   • Jump back to the "loop" label

9. (Repeat steps 3-7)

   • bx = 8 + 3 = 11
   • cx = 4, which is still less than 12
   • cx = 4 * 2 = 8
   • Jump back to the "loop" label

10. (Repeat steps 3-7)

    • bx = 11 + 3 = 14
    • cx = 8, which is still less than 12
    • cx = 8 * 2 = 16
    • Jump back to the "loop" label

11. (Repeat steps 3-5)

    • bx = 14 + 3 = 17
    • cx = 16, which is greater than 12
    • Jump to the "end" label, exiting the loop

12. end:

    • The loop ends, and the final value of bx is 17

Therefore, the correct answer is A) 17. After executing the given code, the value of register bx will be 17.

Claude Haiku To find the value of the register BX after executing the given code, we can step through the code line by line.

Initial values:

• AX = 3
• BX = 2
• CX = 1

Execution of the code:

1. mov cx, 1

   • CX is set to 1.

2. loop:

   • add bx, ax
     • BX = BX + AX = 2 + 3 = 5
   • cmp cx, 12
     • CX is less than 12, so the jump condition jg end is not met.
   • imul cx, 2
     • CX = CX * 2 = 1 * 2 = 2
   • jmp loop
     • The code jumps back to the loop label.

3. loop:

   • add bx, ax
     • BX = BX + AX = 5 + 3 = 8
   • cmp cx, 12
     • CX is still less than 12, so the jump condition jg end is not met.
   • imul cx, 2
     • CX = CX * 2 = 2 * 2 = 4
   • jmp loop
     • The code jumps back to the loop label.

4. loop:

   • add bx, ax
     • BX = BX + AX = 8 + 3 = 11
   • cmp cx, 12
     • CX is still less than 12, so the jump condition jg end is not met.
   • imul cx, 2
     • CX = CX * 2 = 4 * 2 = 8
   • jmp loop
     • The code jumps back to the loop label.

5. loop:

   • add bx, ax
     • BX = BX + AX = 11 + 3 = 14
   • cmp cx, 12
     • CX is still less than 12, so the jump condition jg end is not met.
   • imul cx, 2
     • CX = CX * 2 = 8 * 2 = 16
   • jmp loop
     • The code jumps back to the loop label.

6. loop:

   • add bx, ax
     • BX = BX + AX = 14 + 3 = 17
   • cmp cx, 12
     • CX is now greater than 12, so the jump condition jg end is met.
   • The code jumps to the end label.

Therefore, the final value of the register BX will be 17.

Test 5 Motherboard. Non-volatile Storage. ROM and Booting. May 24 - 31

May 31, 2024 11:15 PM

https://gakko.pjwstk.edu.pl/edux/7605

https://gakko.pjwstk.edu.pl/edux/7605/tests/6490/result/283950

https://github.com/TAK-PJATK/Test5.Motherboard.NonVolatileStorage.ROMandBooting

Start date and time: 24.05.2024 00:00 End date and time: 31.05.2024 23:59

Test 1: March 22 - April 3 Test 2: April 5 - 12 Test 3: April 19 - 26 Test 4: May 10 - 17 Test 5: May 24 - 31 Test 6: June 7 - 14 Re-take test: June 21 - 24

Test 5: May 24 - 31 May 24, 2024 5:30 PM

80% 4.00/5.00

44.59% This many people had worse score than you

55.41% This many people had the same score as you

0% This many people had better score than you

Question 1

The POST self-check may help detect issues related to:

software incompatible with the processor

the processor

RAM memory

1. Software incompatible with the processor

Incorrect

POST (Power-On Self-Test) is a hardware diagnostic test performed by the BIOS/UEFI firmware to ensure that the essential hardware components are working correctly before the operating system loads. It does not check for software compatibility issues. Software compatibility is managed by the operating system and comes into play only once the system has booted successfully.

2. The processor

Correct

One of the key functions of the POST is to verify that the CPU (central processing unit) is functioning correctly. If there are any issues with the processor, such as it not being properly seated or faulty, the POST will detect this and typically halt the boot process, often accompanied by a series of beeps or an error message on the screen.

3. RAM memory

Correct

POST also checks the system's RAM (random-access memory) to ensure that it is installed, accessible, and functioning correctly. RAM issues, such as faulty or improperly seated memory modules, can be detected during the POST process. Errors discovered in this check are often indicated by a series of beeps or error codes.

Software incompatible with the processor: Incorrect. POST checks hardware components, not software compatibility.

The processor: Correct. POST verifies the correct functioning of the CPU.

RAM memory: Correct. POST checks the system's RAM to ensure it is functioning properly.

Question 2

Which of the following procedures are available to the user and may lead to speeding up non-volatile memory?

[x] replacing an HDD drive with an SSD drive

[] enabling perpendicular recording

[] enabling SRAM mode

Which of the following procedures are available to the user and may lead to speeding up non-volatile memory?

Replacing an HDD drive with an SSD drive

Correct

Replacing an HDD (Hard Disk Drive) with an SSD (Solid-State Drive) is one of the most effective ways to speed up non-volatile memory. SSDs have much faster read/write speeds compared to HDDs because they do not have moving parts. This upgrade is easily accessible to users and can significantly improve the overall system performance.

Enabling perpendicular recording

Incorrect

Perpendicular recording is a method used in HDDs to increase data density by aligning magnetic bits perpendicularly to the disk surface rather than parallel to it. While this can improve the storage capacity and performance of an HDD, it is not a user-configurable setting. This is a manufacturing technology that cannot be enabled or adjusted by the end-user.

Enabling SRAM mode

Incorrect

SRAM (Static Random-Access Memory) is a type of volatile memory used for fast-access purposes, such as CPU caches. It is not related to non-volatile memory such as HDDs or SSDs. There is no "SRAM mode" that one can enable on an HDD or SSD to improve performance. This option is not applicable in the context of non-volatile memory.

The correct procedure that is available to the user and can lead to speeding up non-volatile memory is:

Replacing an HDD drive with an SSD drive

The other options, "enabling perpendicular recording" and "enabling SRAM mode," are either not user-configurable or not applicable to non-volatile memory.

Question 3

Which of the following sentences are correct?

[] the chipset is responsible e.g. for communication between the processor and RAM

[] in modern computers, the northbridge is typically a part of the processor

[] the newest buses allow transmitting the full content of a typical HDD drive in milliseconds

Let's discuss each statement to determine which ones are correct:

the answer no. 1 was graded as incorrect by the lecturer

1. The chipset is responsible e.g. for communication between the processor and RAM

Correct. The chipset in a computer manages communications between the processor, RAM, storage devices, and other peripherals. The northbridge, which is part of the chipset, traditionally handled communication between the CPU, RAM, and graphics controller. In modern computers, the roles of the northbridge and southbridge have largely been integrated into the processor and a single chipset.

2. In modern computers, the northbridge is typically a part of the processor

Correct. In modern computers, especially with recent Intel and AMD architectures, much of the functionality that was historically part of the northbridge has been integrated into the processor itself. This integration improves performance and reduces latency between the CPU and RAM.

3. The newest buses allow transmitting the full content of a typical HDD drive in milliseconds

Incorrect

While modern buses, such as PCIe, offer very high data transfer rates, they cannot transmit the full content of a typical HDD drive (which could be several terabytes) in milliseconds. Even with the fastest PCIe standards, transferring such large amounts of data would still take seconds or minutes, not milliseconds.

The correct statements are:

The chipset is responsible e.g. for communication between the processor and RAM

In modern computers, the northbridge is typically a part of the processor

The statement "the newest buses allow transmitting the full content of a typical HDD drive in milliseconds" is incorrect because even the fastest buses can't transmit terabytes of data in such a short time.

Question 4

Flash EEPROM is a type of memory:

[] in which the user may not make any modifications

[] which may be programmed e.g. by connecting to a dedicated device

[] used in the BIOS die

1. In which the user may not make any modifications

Incorrect:

Flash EEPROM is specifically designed to be programmable and reprogrammable. Users can modify its contents by writing new data to it. This is a key characteristic that distinguishes Flash EEPROM from traditional ROM (Read-Only Memory), which cannot be modified once programmed. Thus, the statement is incorrect as users can indeed make modifications to Flash EEPROM.

2. Which may be programmed e.g. by connecting to a dedicated device

Correct

Flash EEPROM can be programmed or reprogrammed using dedicated devices. This is commonly done for tasks such as updating firmware or BIOS in embedded systems and computers. Dedicated programming devices or software utilities can be used to erase and write new data to the Flash EEPROM, making this statement accurate.

3. Used in the BIOS die

Correct

Flash EEPROM is widely used to store BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface) firmware in computers. This non-volatile memory retains crucial system startup information and firmware settings even when the computer is powered off. Using Flash EEPROM for the BIOS/UEFI allows the system to load the initial software needed to boot up and operate properly, confirming that the statement is correct.

Question 5

The 8b/10b encoding:

[] allows to transmit more data than the nominal bus capacity would suggest

[x] sometimes allows detecting an error in data transmission

[] is used as a subsequent step after the 128b/130b encoding

1. Allows to transmit more data than the nominal bus capacity would suggest

Incorrect

The 8b/10b encoding actually reduces the amount of data that can be transmitted compared to the nominal bus capacity because it increases the number of bits transmitted. For every 8 bits of actual data, 10 bits are transmitted, resulting in a 20% overhead. This encoding scheme is used to ensure certain properties in the data stream, such as DC balance and sufficient signal transitions for clock recovery, not for increasing data capacity.

2. Sometimes allows detecting an error in data transmission

Correct

One additional benefit of the 8b/10b encoding is that it can help detect errors in data transmission. The encoding ensures that invalid 10-bit codes can be detected, which indicates that an error has occurred. This error-detection capability is a crucial feature of the 8b/10b encoding.

3. Is used as a subsequent step after the 128b/130b encoding

Incorrect

The 8b/10b encoding is not used as a subsequent step after the 128b/130b encoding. Both are different encoding schemes used independently in various serial communication protocols. The 128b/130b encoding is a more recent development that improves efficiency by only adding a minimal overhead of 2 bits for every 128 bits of data, compared to the 8b/10b encoding's 20% overhead.

The correct statement about the 8b/10b encoding is:

Sometimes allows detecting an error in data transmission

The statements "allows to transmit more data than the nominal bus capacity would suggest" and "is used as a subsequent step after the 128b/130b encoding" are incorrect. The 8b/10b encoding actually introduces a 20% overhead in data transmission and is not used in conjunction with the 128b/130b encoding as a subsequent step.

Test 6 Distributed Systems and Graphics

Test 6. Distributed Systems & Graphics. Questions 1-5 (TAK Computer Techniques and Architecture)

https://gakko.pjwstk.edu.pl/edux/7605

https://github.com/TAK-PJATK/Test5.Motherboard.NonVolatileStorage.ROMandBooting

Test 6: June 7 - 14

Jun 7, 2024 2:15 PM

Start date and time: 07.06.2024 14:06

End date and time: 07.06.2024 14:36

Question 1

Integrated graphics cards:

[] are dedicated for computers oriented towards computing tasks

[x] are physically a part of the processor

[x] typically use less electric power compared to cards which are a separate module

Question 2

The UPS system can:

[] separate a device from other devices in a wireless network

[x] secure computer modules in case of disruption of voltage levels

[] secure a municipal electric network from a failure

Question 3

Horizontal scaling:

[] leads to less computing units in a distributed system

[x] can increase problems related to communication between the nodes of a system

[x] is a way to increase the computing power of a distributed system

Question 4

Services in the cloud:

[] require a serverless architecture

[x] can mean that only access to servers if offered, without any software

[x] can mean that a programmer is given a developer environment

Question 5

The color having RGB code C1BEC7 is approximately:

[] red

[] blue

[x] light gray

Discussion

ChatGPT-4o

Question 1

Integrated graphics cards:

• are dedicated for computers oriented towards computing tasks
  • Incorrect. Integrated graphics cards are generally used for basic graphical tasks and are not dedicated for high-performance computing tasks. **- are physically a part of the processor
  • Correct. Integrated graphics are built into the same chip as the CPU.** **- typically use less electric power compared to cards which are a separate module
  • Correct. Integrated graphics consume less power than dedicated graphics cards, which are separate modules.**

Question 2

The UPS system can:

• separate a device from other devices in a wireless network
  • Incorrect. UPS systems provide backup power and are not related to wireless network separation.
• secure computer modules in case of disruption of voltage levels
  • Correct. UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) systems provide backup power and protect against voltage disruptions.
• secure a municipal electric network from a failure
  • Incorrect. UPS systems are designed for individual devices or small systems, not for municipal electric networks.

Question 3

Horizontal scaling:

• leads to less computing units in a distributed system
  • Incorrect. Horizontal scaling adds more computing units to a system.
• can increase problems related to communication between the nodes of a system
  • Correct. Adding more nodes can increase the complexity of communication between them.
• is a way to increase the computing power of a distributed system
  • Correct. Horizontal scaling increases computing power by adding more nodes to the system.

Question 4

Services in the cloud:

• require a serverless architecture
  • Incorrect. Cloud services do not necessarily require a serverless architecture. **- can mean that only access to servers is offered, without any software
  • Correct. Cloud services can offer infrastructure as a service (IaaS), providing servers without additional software.** **- can mean that a programmer is given a developer environment
  • Correct. Cloud services can offer platform as a service (PaaS), providing a developer environment.**

Question 5

The color having RGB code C1BEC7 is approximately:

• red
  • Incorrect.
• blue
  • Incorrect. **- light gray
  • Correct. The RGB code C1BEC7 corresponds to a shade of light gray.**

The RGB color code C1BEC7 is already in the RGB format, where each pair of hexadecimal digits represents the intensity of red, green, and blue, respectively. To convert this hexadecimal RGB color code into its decimal RGB components, you need to convert each pair of hexadecimal digits to their decimal equivalents.

Here's how you can convert the hexadecimal RGB code C1BEC7 into decimal RGB:

1. Hexadecimal Code C1 (red), BE (green), C7 (blue)

2. Convert Hexadecimal to Decimal Red (C1)

   • C1 in hexadecimal = (C * 16^1) + (1 * 16^0)
   • C (which is 12 in decimal) * 16 = 192
   • 1 * 1 = 1
   • Total = 192 + 1 = 193 Green (BE)
   • BE in hexadecimal = (B * 16^1) + (E * 16^0)
   • B (which is 11 in decimal) * 16 = 176
   • E (which is 14 in decimal) * 1 = 14
   • Total = 176 + 14 = 190 Blue (C7)
   • C7 in hexadecimal = (C * 16^1) + (7 * 16^0)
   • C (which is 12 in decimal) * 16 = 192
   • 7 * 1 = 7
   • Total = 192 + 7 = 199

So, the RGB code C1BEC7 in decimal is (193, 190, 199).

Claude 3 Haiku

Question 1

Integrated graphics cards: **- are physically a part of the processor ** **- typically use less electric power compared to cards which are a separate module **

Explanation:

• Integrated graphics cards are part of the processor/CPU chip and are not dedicated cards. They are designed for general computing tasks, not specialized computing tasks.
• Integrated graphics typically use less power than dedicated graphics cards, as they are designed to be more energy-efficient.

Question 2

The UPS system can:

• secure computer modules in case of disruption of voltage levels

Explanation:

• A UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) system provides backup power in case of a power outage or voltage disruption, protecting the connected devices.
• It does not separate devices in a wireless network, nor does it secure a municipal electric network.

Question 3

Horizontal scaling:

• can increase problems related to communication between the nodes of a system
• is a way to increase the computing power of a distributed system

Explanation:

• Horizontal scaling adds more computing units (nodes) to a distributed system, which can increase communication overhead and complexity between the nodes.
• However, horizontal scaling is a way to increase the overall computing power of a distributed system by adding more nodes.

Question 4

Services in the cloud: **- can mean that a programmer is given a developer environment ** **- can mean that only access to servers is offered, without any software ** Explanation:

• Cloud services can provide a complete development environment for programmers, including tools, libraries, and infrastructure.
• This allows programmers to build and deploy applications without needing to set up and manage their own development environment.

The other two options are not correct:

• Services in the cloud do not necessarily require a serverless architecture. Cloud services can be based on both serverless and server-based architectures.

So the correct answer is that cloud services can mean that a programmer is given a developer environment, as this is one of the key benefits and capabilities of many cloud-based services.

"can mean that only access to servers is offered, without any software" is correct. Cloud services can offer infrastructure as a service (IaaS), providing servers without additional software.

Services in the cloud:

• can mean that only access to servers is offered, without any software

This option is correct.

Cloud services can provide Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), where the cloud provider offers access to raw computing resources like virtual servers, storage, and networking, without providing any additional software or platforms.

This allows users to have direct control and flexibility over the infrastructure, but they are responsible for installing and managing their own software and applications on top of the provided servers and resources.

The other two options were not fully correct:

• Cloud services do not necessarily require a serverless architecture. They can be based on both serverless and server-based (IaaS) models.

• While cloud services can provide developer environments, that is not the only model they offer.

Question 5

The color having RGB code C1BEC7 is approximately:

• light gray

Explanation: The RGB code C1BEC7 corresponds to a light gray color:

• Red (C1): 193
• Green (BE): 190
• Blue (C7): 199 This combination of values results in a light gray color.

To convert the hexadecimal RGB code C1BEC7 into the decimal values 193, 190, 199, we can follow these steps:

1. Red (C1):

   • The red value is represented by the first two digits (C1) in the hexadecimal code.
   • Converting C1 from hexadecimal to decimal:
     • C in hexadecimal is 12 in decimal.
     • 1 in hexadecimal is 1 in decimal.
   • Therefore, the red value is 12 * 16 + 1 = 193 in decimal.

2. Green (BE):

   • The green value is represented by the middle two digits (BE) in the hexadecimal code.
   • Converting BE from hexadecimal to decimal:
     • B in hexadecimal is 11 in decimal.
     • E in hexadecimal is 14 in decimal.
   • Therefore, the green value is 11 * 16 + 14 = 190 in decimal.

3. Blue (C7):

   • The blue value is represented by the last two digits (C7) in the hexadecimal code.
   • Converting C7 from hexadecimal to decimal:
     • C in hexadecimal is 12 in decimal.
     • 7 in hexadecimal is 7 in decimal.
   • Therefore, the blue value is 12 * 16 + 7 = 199 in decimal.

So, the RGB color C1BEC7 in hexadecimal is equivalent to 193, 190, 199 in decimal.