tutorial update

content/courses/physical-computing/week-01/lesson-01/index.md

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ p5js-widget: true
 
 ---
 
+[![Electronics illustration](./img/ele.jpg)](./img/ele.jpg)
+
 ## Inspiration
 
 {{<youtube rKhbUjVyKIc>}}
@@ -66,65 +68,19 @@ A full set should also include the following (but we do not currently have enoug
 
 ---
 
-## Resistance is Futile
+## Tutorial – Electronics: Fundamentals
 
-[![Electronics illustration](./img/ele.jpg)](./img/ele.jpg)
+[See the Electronics: Fundamentals Tutorial](../../../../tutorials/arduino-and-electronics/electronics/electronics-fundamentals/)
 
 ---
 
 ## Tools: Multimeter
 
-Multimeters are very handy tools for multiple purposes (hence the name MULTImeter). Usually, a multimeter will have different modes for measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Most multimeters also have a special continuity mode where the meter will make a little beep sound when the tested points are electrically connected.
-
-### Multimeters at the Aalto Mechatronics Workshop
-
-We are using the [Fluke 115 multimeters](https://www.fluke.com/en/product/electrical-testing/digital-multimeters/fluke-115). They have a handy auto-ranging feature, which means that they are quite easy to use.
-
-Below I have explained the very basic features. For more information, [download the manual](https://newmedia.dog/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/115_manual.pdf).
-
-### Measuring Voltage (DC)
-
-[![Multimeter voltage](./img/multimeter-voltage.jpg)](./img/multimeter-voltage.jpg)
-
-- Make sure your probes are connected correctly: the red one to the port marked with **V, Ω etc.** and the black one should be connected to the port marked **COM**
-- Set the meter to V with the lines on top of it (for DC voltage)
-- Measure between two points in your circuit
-
-### Measuring Resistance
-
-[![Multimeter voltage](./img/multimeter-resistance.jpg)](./img/multimeter-resistance.jpg)
+[See the multimeter tutorial](../../../../tutorials/arduino-and-electronics/electronics/tools-multimeter/)
 
-- Make sure your probes are connected correctly: the red one to the port marked with **V, Ω etc.** and the black one should be connected to the port marked **COM**
-- Set the meter to the **Ω** setting
-- **Turn off the power from your circuit**
-- Measure between two points in your circuit
+## Tools: Breadboard
 
-### Measuring Continuity
+[See the multimeter tutorial](../../../../tutorials/arduino-and-electronics/electronics/tools-breadboard/)
 
-[![Multimeter voltage](./img/multimeter-continuity.jpg)](./img/multimeter-continuity.jpg)
-
-There is a special mode on the multimeter that you can use to test if two points are connected or not. The multimeter will make a little beep noise when they are. Useful for finding short circuits or just to test what connects to where.
-
-- Make sure your probes are connected correctly: the red one to the port marked with **V, Ω etc.** and the black one should be connected to the port marked **COM**
-- **Turn off the power from your circuit**
-- Set the meter to the **)))))** setting
-- Measure between two point in your circuit and you will here a beep, if the points are connected (short circuit).
-
-### Measuring Current
-
-[![Multimeter voltage](./img/multimeter-current-dc.jpg)](./img/multimeter-current-dc.jpg)
-
-- Move the other probe to the port marked with **A**, the other probe should be connected to the **COM** port.
-- If you are measuring DC current set the meter to the setting with the A and straight lines (one solid, one dashed) above it
-- In order to measure current, you need to connect your meter in series to the circuit. You have to feed the current through the meter at the point where you want to measure
-
-### More information
-
-[There is another nice tutorial out there from Sparkfun.](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/how-to-use-a-multimeter)
-
-{{<youtube SLkPtmnglOI>}}
-
----
 
-## Related tutorials
 

content/tutorials/arduino-and-electronics/electronics/electronics-fundamentals/index.md

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ Voltage is the difference in electric potential energy between two points.
 
 In our water analogy, voltage is like the amout of pressure that has the potential to push the water through a water pipe.
 
+---
+
 ## Current 
 
 [![Current](./img/water02.png)](./img/water02.png)
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ Current is the flow of electric charge.
 
 In our water analogy, current would be the water current or water flow. The amount of water that flows in a water pipe.
 
+---
+
 ## Resistance
 
 [![Resistance](./img/water04.png)](./img/water04.png)
@@ -45,10 +49,22 @@ Resistance is the measure of a material’s ability to oppose the flow of electr
 
 In our water analogy, resistance is like a narrowing or clog in the pipe that makes it harder for the water to flow through.
 
+---
+
 ## Ohm's Law
 
-[![Ohm's Law](./img/ohms-law.png)](./img/ohms-law.png)
+[![Ohm's Law](./img/ohms-law.jpg)](./img/ohms-law.jpg)
 
 - V = I * R
 - I = V / R
-- R = V / I
+- R = V / I
+
+---
+
+## Conventional Flow and Electron Flow
+
+Due to the fact that electricity was discovered before we understood how atoms work, it was first believed that electrical current is something that flows from the positive side to the negative side in a circuit. In reality, electricity is the movement of electrons from one atom to another and it actually happens the other way: from negative to positive.
+
+This has led to two different ways to talk about which way electricity flows. [The conventional flow and the electron flow](http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-1/conventional-versus-electron-flow/). Most symbols on schematics make more sense, if we talk about electricity according to the conventional flow, also, electrical engineers and text books still mainly use that system.
+
+We are also going to use the conventional flow, since it is a little bit more intuitive to think of it that way based on the water analogy: the current flows from the positive to the negative. The math still works the same no matter which you use. Additionally, we are not going to be working with anything where it would actually be important to understand the actual physics of electrons flowing.

content/tutorials/arduino-and-electronics/electronics/tools-multimeter/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+---
+title: "Tools: Multimeter"
+bookCollapseSection: false
+p5js-widget: true
+draft: false
+weight: 210
+---
+
+# Tools: Multimeter
+
+---
+
+Multimeters are very handy tools for multiple purposes (hence the name MULTImeter). Usually, a multimeter will have different modes for measuring voltage, current, and resistance. Most multimeters also have a special continuity mode where the meter will make a little beep sound when the tested points are electrically connected.
+
+## Multimeters at the Aalto Mechatronics Workshop
+
+We are using the [Fluke 115 multimeters](https://www.fluke.com/en/product/electrical-testing/digital-multimeters/fluke-115). They have a handy auto-ranging feature, which means that they are quite easy to use.
+
+Below I have explained the very basic features. For more information, [download the manual](https://newmedia.dog/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/115_manual.pdf).
+
+### Measuring Voltage (DC)
+
+[![Multimeter voltage](/images/tutorials/electronics/multimeter-voltage.jpg)](/images/tutorials/electronics/multimeter-voltage.jpg)
+
+- Make sure your probes are connected correctly: the red one to the port marked with **V, Ω etc.** and the black one should be connected to the port marked **COM**
+- Set the meter to V with the lines on top of it (for DC voltage)
+- Measure between two points in your circuit
+
+### Measuring Resistance
+
+[![Multimeter resistance](/images/tutorials/electronics/multimeter-resistance.jpg)](/images/tutorials/electronics/multimeter-resistance.jpg)
+
+- Make sure your probes are connected correctly: the red one to the port marked with **V, Ω etc.** and the black one should be connected to the port marked **COM**
+- Set the meter to the **Ω** setting
+- **Turn off the power from your circuit**
+- Measure between two points in your circuit
+
+### Measuring Continuity
+
+[![Multimeter continuity](/images/tutorials/electronics/multimeter-continuity.jpg)](/images/tutorials/electronics/multimeter-continuity.jpg)
+
+There is a special mode on the multimeter that you can use to test if two points are connected or not. The multimeter will make a little beep noise when they are. Useful for finding short circuits or just to test what connects to where.
+
+- Make sure your probes are connected correctly: the red one to the port marked with **V, Ω etc.** and the black one should be connected to the port marked **COM**
+- **Turn off the power from your circuit**
+- Set the meter to the **)))))** setting
+- Measure between two point in your circuit and you will here a beep, if the points are connected (short circuit).
+
+### Measuring Current
+
+[![Multimeter current](/images/tutorials/electronics/multimeter-current-dc.jpg)](/images/tutorials/electronics/multimeter-current-dc.jpg)
+
+- Move the other probe to the port marked with **A**, the other probe should be connected to the **COM** port.
+- If you are measuring DC current set the meter to the setting with the A and straight lines (one solid, one dashed) above it
+- In order to measure current, you need to connect your meter in series to the circuit. You have to feed the current through the meter at the point where you want to measure
+
+## More information
+
+[There is another nice tutorial out there from Sparkfun.](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/how-to-use-a-multimeter)
+
+{{<youtube SLkPtmnglOI>}}