Fix Persian/Gregorian calendar conversion

[devongovett]

Closes #5960, closes #3757, closes #6077, closes #5946, closes #5062.

This fixes two issues with the Persian to Gregorian and Gregorian to Persian date conversion.

1. Dates were sometimes off by one in months greater than 6, which resulted in 30 being displayed as the first day of the month.
2. The leap year calculation wasn't quite right, resulting in an incorrect number of days in the month.

This ports the code from ICU to perform the conversion and adds tests from all of the issues/PRs that have been raised for this issue.

Test instructions

1. Open calendar stories
2. Change calendar system to Persian
3. Navigate forward/backward by month and verify that months always start with 1, not 30 or 31.
4. Navigate to "Farvardin 1404 AP", and verify that the month starts on a Friday.

[rspbot]

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[LFDanLu]

Math checks out as equivalent to that in https://github.com/unicode-org/icu/blob/main/icu4j/main/core/src/main/java/com/ibm/icu/util/PersianCalendar.java#L422-L445 and the other helper functions in that file. Also verified the problematic cases with 12/22/2022 (and other dates adjacent) being computed to the wrong equivalent Persian date and that the case where Esfand 1403 AP (and other months adjacent) had the wrong start date value no longer happen. Also verified that 1404/1/1 to be on a Friday (made in #6077 (comment)) is reflected in the calendar too.