Autonomous Take-off and Land - ArUco

Change Log

[Author: Alan Tavares & César Quiroz]

Build and tested

OS: Ubuntu 16.04 - xenial ROS version: Kinetic

In order to perform a outdoor navigation based on image processing and aruco detection to take-off and land. Firstly, we used a Parrot Bebop 2 model as drone to navigate around the environment. The main idea is to use the Aruco Tag to send commands to bebop 2 to take-off and land autonomously.

We use the kinetic installation from: http://wiki.ros.org/kinetic/Installation. Do not forget to install wstool http://wiki.ros.org/wstool

Source installation: https://github.com/mavlink/mavros/blob/master/mavros/README.md#installation

$ sudo apt install ros-kinetic-opencv3

$ sudo apt install ros-kinetic-aruco-ros

$ sudo apt install ros-kinetic-cv-bridge

To run the experimental test, following the command

$ cd ~/catkin_ws

$ catkin build

$ source devel/setup.bash

$ roslaunch rotors_gazebo bebop_hover2.launch

$ rosrun rotors_gazebo image_publisher

$ roslaunch rotors_gazebo landing.launch

To get the data of calibration of camera

$ subl ~/catkin_ws/src/rotors_simulator/cameraMatrix.txt

$ subl ~/catkin_ws/src/rotors_simulator/cameraDistortion.txt

Link: http://docs.ros.org/melodic/api/sensor_msgs/html/msg/CameraInfo.html

You can add sourcing to your .bashrc file:

$ echo "source ~/catkin_ws/devel/setup.bash" >> ~/.bashrc
$ source ~/.bashrc

To change the camera parameters (width and height), you need to modify the bebop2.xacro:

 $ cd ~/rotors_simulator/rotors_description/urdf
 $ subl bebop2.xacro

In order to know camera_info, run this command:

 $ rostopic echo /bebop2/camera_base/camera_info

To change the camera parameters (width and height), you need to modify the bebop2.xacro:

 $ cd ~/rotors_simulator/rotors_description/urdf
 $ subl bebop2.xacro

In order to know camera_info, run this command:

 $ rostopic echo /bebop2/camera_base/camera_info

RotorS

Change Log

[Author: Ayush Gaud]

Parrot Bebop 2 model added.

To run the demo execute the following command

$ roslaunch rotors_gazebo bebop_hover.launch

Readme Continued

RotorS is a MAV gazebo simulator. It provides some multirotor models such as the AscTec Hummingbird, the AscTec Pelican, or the AscTec Firefly, but the simulator is not limited for the use with these multicopters.

There are simulated sensors coming with the simulator such as an IMU, a generic odometry sensor, and the VI-Sensor, which can be mounted on the multirotor.

This package also contains some example controllers, basic worlds, a joystick interface, and example launch files.

Below we provide the instructions necessary for getting started. See RotorS' wiki for more instructions and examples (https://github.com/ethz-asl/rotors_simulator/wiki).

If you are using this simulator within the research for your publication, please cite:

@Inbook{Furrer2016,
author="Furrer, Fadri
and Burri, Michael
and Achtelik, Markus
and Siegwart, Roland",
editor="Koubaa, Anis",
chapter="RotorS---A Modular Gazebo MAV Simulator Framework",
title="Robot Operating System (ROS): The Complete Reference (Volume 1)",
year="2016",
publisher="Springer International Publishing",
address="Cham",
pages="595--625",
isbn="978-3-319-26054-9",
doi="10.1007/978-3-319-26054-9_23",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26054-9_23"
}

Installation Instructions

1. Install and initialize ROS indigo desktop full, additional ROS packages, catkin-tools, and wstool:

$ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://packages.ros.org/ros/ubuntu `lsb_release -sc` main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros-latest.list'
$ wget http://packages.ros.org/ros.key -O - | sudo apt-key add -
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install ros-indigo-desktop-full ros-indigo-joy ros-indigo-octomap-ros python-wstool python-catkin-tools
$ sudo rosdep init
$ rosdep update
$ source /opt/ros/indigo/setup.bash

2. If you don't have ROS workspace yet you can do so by

$ mkdir -p ~/catkin_ws/src
$ cd ~/catkin_ws/src
$ catkin_init_workspace  # initialize your catkin workspace
$ wstool init

Note for setups with multiple workspaces please refer to the official documentation at http://docs.ros.org/independent/api/rosinstall/html/ by replacing rosws by wstool.

3. Get the simulator and additional dependencies

$ cd ~/catkin_ws/src
$ git clone git@github.com:ethz-asl/rotors_simulator.git
$ git clone git@github.com:ethz-asl/mav_comm.git

Note On OS X you to install yaml-cpp using Homebrew brew install yaml-cpp.

Note if you want to use wstool you can replace the above commands with wstool set --git local_repo_name git@github.com:organization/repo_name.git Note if you want to build and use the gazebo_mavlink_interface plugin you have to get MAVROS as an additional dependency from link below. Follow the installation instructions provided there and build all of its packages prior to building the rest of your workspace. https://github.com/mavlink/mavros

4. Build your workspace with python_catkin_tools (therefore you need python_catkin_tools)

$ cd ~/catkin_ws/
$ catkin init  # If you haven't done this before.
$ catkin build

5. Add sourcing to your .bashrc file

$ echo "source ~/catkin_ws/devel/setup.bash" >> ~/.bashrc
$ source ~/.bashrc

Basic Usage

Launch the simulator with a hex-rotor helicopter model, in our case, the AscTec Firefly in a basic world.

$ roslaunch rotors_gazebo mav_hovering_example.launch mav_name:=firefly world_name:=basic

Note The first run of gazebo might take considerably long, as it will download some models from an online database.

The simulator starts by default in paused mode. To start it you can either

• use the Gazebo GUI and press the play button

• or you can send the following service call.

  $ rosservice call gazebo/unpause_physics
  

There are some basic launch files where you can load the different multicopters with additional sensors. They can all be found in ~/catkin_ws/src/rotors_simulator/rotors_gazebo/launch.

The world_name argument looks for a .world file with a corresponding name in ~/catkin_ws/src/rotors_simulator/rotors_gazebo/worlds. By default, all launch files, with the exception of those that have the world name explicitly included in the file name, use the empty world described in basic.world.

Getting the multicopter to fly

To let the multicopter fly you need to generate thrust with the rotors, this is achieved by sending commands to the multicopter, which make the rotors spin. There are currently a few ways to send commands to the multicopter, we will show one of them here. The rest is documented here in our Wiki. We will here also show how to write a stabilizing controller and how you can control the multicopter with a joystick.

Send direct motor commands

We will for now just send some constant motor velocities to the multicopter.

$ rostopic pub /firefly/command/motor_speed mav_msgs/Actuators '{angular_velocities: [100, 100, 100, 100, 100, 100]}'

Note The size of the motor_speed array should be equal to the number of motors you have in your model of choice (e.g. 6 in the Firefly model).

You should see (if you unpaused the simulator and you have a multicopter in it), that the rotors start spinning. The thrust generated by these motor velocities is not enough though to let the multicopter take off.

You can play with the numbers and will realize that the Firefly will take off with motor speeds of about 545 on each rotor. The multicopter is unstable though, since there is no controller running, if you just set the motor speeds.

Let the helicopter hover with ground truth odometry

You can let the helicopter hover with ground truth odometry (perfect state estimation), by launching:

$ roslaunch rotors_gazebo mav_hovering_example.launch mav_name:=firefly world_name:=basic

Create an attitude controller

TODO(ff): Write something here.

Usage with a joystick

Connect a USB joystick to your computer and launch the simulation alongside ROS joystick driver and the RotorS joystick node:

$ roslaunch rotors_gazebo mav_with_joy.launch mav_name:=firefly world_name:=basic

Depending on the type of joystick and the personal preference for operation, you can assign the axis number using the axis_<roll/pitch/thrust>_ parameter and the axis direction using the axis_direction_<roll/pitch/thrust> parameter.

Usage with a keyboard

First, perform a one-time setup of virtual keyboard joystick as described here: https://github.com/ethz-asl/rotors_simulator/wiki/Setup-virtual-keyboard-joystick.

Launch the simulation with the keyboard interface using the following launch file:

$ roslaunch rotors_gazebo mav_with_keyboard.launch mav_name:=firefly world_name:=basic

If everything was setup correctly, an additional GUI should appear with bars indicating the current throttle, roll, pitch, and yaw inputs. While this window is active, the Arrows and W, A, S, D keys will generate virtual joystick inputs, which can then be processed by the RotorS joystick node in the same way as real joystick commands.

Gazebo Version

At a minimum, Gazebo v2.x is required (which is installed by default with ROS Indigo). However, it is recommended to install at least Gazebo v5.x for full functionlity, as there are the following limitations:

1. iris.sdf can only be generated with Gazebo >= v3.0, as it requires use of the gz sdf ... tool. If this requirement is not met, you will not be able to use the Iris MAV in any of the simulations.
2. The Gazebo plugins GazeboGeotaggedImagesPlugin, LidarPlugin and the LiftDragPlugin all require Gazebo >= v5.0, and will not be built if this requirement is not met.