In this project, we designed an All-Digital Phase-Locked Loop (ADPLL) in Verilog and HSPICE.
The ADPLL is composed of a Digital-Controlled Oscillator (DCO), a Phase-Frequency Detector (PFD), a Controllor, a Filter, and a Frequency Divider.
After completing the design, we verified the functionality of the ADPLL by behavior simulation and AMS simulation.
The specifications of the ADPLL are as follows:
| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Target Process | UMC 0.18 um |
| Reference Clock (MHZ) | 223 ~ 1792 |
| Output Clock (MHZ) | 223 ~ 1529 |
| Programmable Input and Feedback Divider | 1 ~ 7 |
| Lock-in Time (#cycle) | 6 / 59 (Min / Max) |
| Re-lock Time (#cycle) | 6 / 59 (Min / Max) |
| Output Jitter (ps) | 157 / 462 (J_PER / J_CC) |
| Output Phase Drift (ps) | 11 / 980 (Min / Max) |
| Power Consumption (mW) | 1.97 / 8.74 (Avg / Max) |
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TOP.v: Top module of the ADPLL and testbench. -
ADPLL.v: Instantiation of the DCO, PFD, Controller, Filter, and Frequency Divider. -
PFD.sp: HSPICE netlist of the Cell-based Bang-Bang PFD. -
PFD.v: Behavioral model of the PFD. -
CONTROLLER.v: Binary Search Controller. -
FILTER.v: Motorola's Loop Filter. -
DCO.sp: HSPICE netlist of the Tri-state Buffer based DCO. -
DCO.v: Behavioral model of the DCO. -
FREQ_DIV.v: N-bits Johnson Counter-based Frequency Divider. -
TEST.v: Testbench for the ADPLL.
The architecture of the PFD is followed by Ching-Che Chung, 2003 [1], showed in Fig.3, and this PFD only provide the polarity information (lead/lag) of the Input and Feedback signal.
The goal of the CONTROLLER is to lock the DCO frequency to the reference frequency. If the DCO frequency is too fast, the CONTROLLER will decrease the DCO control code, and vice versa.
When the polarity changes, the CONTROLLER will modify the Frequency-Gain (Δ) to speed up the lock-in time.
The search method illustrated in Fig.4, and the default value of Δ is 4, and will divide by 2 when the polarity changes.
The Loop Filter is followed by Motorola, 1996 [2], when the frequency search is done, the DCO control code will store in the anchor register. If 4 consecutive cycles have the same polarity (lead/lag), the anchor register will be updated by decreasing or increasing 1.
The architecture of the DCO is followed by Terng-Yin Hsu, 2001 [3], architecture is show in Fig.5, and this DCO provide 128 different frequencies output.
The Frequency Divider is a N-bits Johnson Counter-based Frequency Divider, and can be used for 2N frequency division, and in this project, we use 3-bits to divide the output frequency by range 1~7.
The testbench will test if the ADPLL can lock to the wide range of reference frequency, we'll test reference frequency in 7 different divider ratio and 50 different reference frequency, total 350 test cases.
- Reference Clock (
REF_CLK) : 223.21 ~ 1792 MHz (4.48 ~ 0.558 ns) - Divider Ratio (
M) : 1 ~ 7
In the behavior simulation, we will show the ADPLL ability to track the reference clock (REF_CLK), and show the phase error between the output clock (OUT_CLK) and the reference clock (REF_CLK) in some cases, and will illustrate the difference between with and without the FILTER module.
Lock-in Signal (LOCK) will be high when the ADPLL is locking to the reference clock, and will be low when the ADPLL is not locking to the reference clock.
In this case, when the reset signal (RESET) asserted, the REF_CLK will increase and the DCO_CODE will set to initial value. We can see the DCO_CODE converges in a small range after LOCK asserted (Fig.8, Fig.9).
In this case, after LOCK asserted, the OUT_CLK lock in Period = 3.736 ns (Fig.10), and the phase error between the OUT_CLK and the REF_CLK is around 0.3 ns (Fig.11).
In this case, we can see the DCO_CODE didn't locked in every reference clock (Fig.12), this is because the limitation of the DCO module.
M = 6, REF_CLK = 245.09 MHz (Period = 4.08 ns) is the boundary of our ADPLL, the correct output clock should be 1470 MHz (Period = 0.68 ns), and the OUT_CLK is 1529 MHz (Period = 0.654 ns) (Fig.13).
If the correct OUT_CLK should be fast than 1470 MHz, the DCO will not lock-in (Fig.14).
In this case, after LOCK asserted, the DCO_CODE will lock in a small range (Fig.15).
In M = 7, REF_CLK = 200 MHz (Period = 5 ns), after fine-tuning in a few cycles, the OUT_CLK Period = 0.776 ns (Fig.16), and the phase error is around 42 ps (Fig.17).
In this case, we can see the FILTER module can significantly reduce the jitter of the DCO code.
avg_code is the DCO code which add the Filter, and dco_code_int is the DCO code which without the Filter (Fig.18).
FILTER activate when LOCK asserted, and when 4 consecutive cycles have the same polarity (lead/lag), the avg_code will be decreasing or increasing 1 (Fig.19).
In the AMS simulation, we will change the DCO and PFD behavior model to HSPICE netlist, and simulate the ADPLL in the transistor level.
In this case, when RESET asserted, the REF_CLK will increase and the DCO_CODE will set to initial value. We can see the DCO_CODE converges in a small range after LOCK asserted (Fig.20, Fig.21).
In this case, after LOCK asserted, the OUT_CLK lock in Period = 5.553 ns (Fig.22), and the phase error between the OUT_CLK and the REF_CLK is around 0.45 ns (Fig.23).
After fine-tuning in a few cycles, the OUT_CLK Period = 3.89 ns (Fig.24), and the phase error is around 0.28 ns (Fig.25).
In this case, OUT_CLK Period should be 1.84 ns, after LOCK asserted, the OUT_CLK lock in Period = 1.68 ns (Fig.26), and the phase error is around 153 ps (Fig.27).
In this case, OUT_CLK Period should be 0.933 ns, after LOCK asserted, the OUT_CLK lock in Period = 0.904 ns (Fig.28), and the phase error is around 400 ps (Fig.29).
After fine-tuning in a few cycles, the OUT_CLK Period = 0.95 ns (Fig.30), and the phase error is around 11 ps (Fig.31).
In this case, OUT_CLK Period should be 0.98 ns, after LOCK asserted, the OUT_CLK lock in Period = 1.19 ns (Fig.32), and the phase error is around 0.28 ns (Fig.33).
In this case, OUT_CLK Period should be 0.7 ns, after LOCK asserted, the OUT_CLK lock in Period = 0.637 ns (Fig.34), and the phase error is around 83 ps (Fig.35).
After fine-tuning in a few cycles, the OUT_CLK Period = 0.692 ns (Fig.36), and the phase error is around 18 ps (Fig.37).
In this case, OUT_CLK Period should be 0.733 ns, after LOCK asserted, the OUT_CLK lock in Period = 0.747 ns (Fig.38), and the phase error is around 27 ps (Fig.39).
In this case, OUT_CLK Period should be 0.64 ns, after LOCK asserted, the OUT_CLK lock in Period = 0.625 ns (Fig.40), and has no phase error (Fig.41).
In this case, we can see the FILTER module can significantly reduce the jitter of the DCO code.
FILTER module is the same as in the behavior simulation, and the avg_code is the DCO code which add the Filter, and dco_code_int is the DCO code which without the Filter (Fig.42).
The re-lock time responds to the input frequency change is showed in Fig.43, Max re-lock time is 59 cycles, and Min re-lock time is 6 cycles.
The distribution of the Period Jitter (J_PER) and Cycle-to-Cycle Jitter (J_CC) in situation of M = 2, REF_CLK = 250 MHz (Period = 4 ns) is showed in Fig.44.
The distribution of the Period Jitter (J_PER) and Cycle-to-Cycle Jitter (J_CC) in situation of M = 1, REF_CLK = 270 MHz (Period = 3.7 ns) is showed in Fig.45.
[1] Ching-Che Chung and Chen-Yi Lee, "An all-digital phase-locked loop for high-speed clock generation," in IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 347-351, Feb. 2003, doi: 10.1109/JSSC.2002.807398.
[2] Nuckolls, Charles E., James R. Lundberg, and Gerald W. Garcia. "Method and apparatus for performing frequency acquisition in all digital phase lock loop." U.S. Patent No. 5,506,875. 9 Apr. 1996.
[3] Terng-Yin Hsu, Chung-Cheng Wang and Chen-Yi Lee, "Design and analysis of a portable high-speed clock generator," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 367-375, April 2001, doi: 10.1109/82.933795.