normalize temp dir/file usage (remote_tmp, etc)

[bcoca]

All subsystems should use same temp dirs (ansiballz, shell+action, modules, async)
Temp dirs should be more configurable (right now they are global, should be host specific)

In doing this we should address/fix the following issues:
#20886
#27699 ansiballz not using remote_tmp
#17908 (not main issue, but having per host configurable remote_tmp would mitigate)
#30064 git module creates script in /tmp which does not work on 'no exec systems'
#30074 (not main issue, giving 'url using' module a predictable tmp to write to)
#25831 read only /tmp
#25794
#22203
#21562
#18391 (mostly by allowing per host 'world readable tmp files')
#13876
#16046
#11937
#28318
#29019
#33079
#31617
Related prs:
#28716

ISSUE TYPE

• Feature Idea

COMPONENT NAME

core

ANSIBLE VERSION

2.5

[abadger]

#11937 => Can't use default location of .ansible_async file because it is read-only.

[alikins]

#28716 pr for 'ansible_async' in remote_tmp

[alikins]

More refs:
#28318
#29019

[sivel]

Another ref: #31617

In cloud-init it seems $HOME is not set, and that impacts the ability to use ~. cloud-init would require special treatment, as to not depend on either, or to:

1. use a remote_tmp without $HOME or ~
2. set $HOME

Of additional note, python falls back to using the pwd module to determine the homedir, if $HOME isn't set. More info in #31617 (comment)

[s-hertel]

Since there are only a couple issues open, we'll handle the rest as individual tickets.