Check overflow while casting between decimal types

[viirya]

Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #2986.

Rationale for this change

What changes are included in this PR?

Are there any user-facing changes?

[tustvold]

FWIW I think both methods could be drastically simplified by implementing them in terms of DecimalType instead of const generics

[viirya]

Yea, I agree. I could find some time later to simplify it further.

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = 5c2801d and contender = 7d41e1c. 7d41e1c is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on test-mac-arm] test-mac-arm
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on ursa-i9-9960x] ursa-i9-9960x
[Skipped ⚠️ Benchmarking of arrow-rs-commits is not supported on ursa-thinkcentre-m75q] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java