GH-42015: [MATLAB] Executing tfeather.m test class causes MATLAB to…

… crash on `windows-2022` after MSVC update from 14.39.33519 to 14.40.33807 (#42123)

### Rationale for this change

After the `windows-2022` GitHub runner image was updated last week, MATLAB began crashing when running the unit tests in `arrow/matlab/test/tfeather.m` on Windows. As part of the update, VS 2022 was updated from 
`17.9.34902.65` to `17.10.34928.147` and MSVC was updated from `14.39.33519` to `14.40.33807`. 

It looks like many other projects have run into this issue as well:

1. actions/runner-images#10004
2. actions/runner-images#10020

The suggested workaround for this crash is to supply  the flag `_DISABLE_CONSTEXPR_MUTEX_CONSTRUCTOR` when building. 

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Supply `_DISABLE_CONSTEXPR_MUTEX_CONSTRUCTOR` flag when building  Arrow C++.

### Are these changes tested?

N/A. Existing tests used.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #42015

Authored-by: Sarah Gilmore <sgilmore@mathworks.com>
Signed-off-by: Sarah Gilmore <sgilmore@mathworks.com>

matlab/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -34,9 +34,15 @@ function(build_arrow)
 
   set(ARROW_PREFIX "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/arrow_ep-prefix")
   set(ARROW_BINARY_DIR "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/arrow_ep-build")
+
+  # Supply -DARROW_CXXFLAGS=-D_DISABLE_CONSTEXPR_MUTEX_CONSTRUCTOR to fix
+  # a segfault on windows. See https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/42015.
   set(ARROW_CMAKE_ARGS
-      "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${ARROW_PREFIX}" "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=lib"
-      "-DARROW_BUILD_STATIC=OFF" "-DARROW_CSV=ON")
+      "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${ARROW_PREFIX}"
+      "-DCMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR=lib"
+      "-DARROW_BUILD_STATIC=OFF"
+      "-DARROW_CSV=ON"
+      "-DARROW_CXXFLAGS=-D_DISABLE_CONSTEXPR_MUTEX_CONSTRUCTOR")
 
   add_library(arrow_shared SHARED IMPORTED)
   set(ARROW_LIBRARY_TARGET arrow_shared)