[C++] Implement all important authentication methods for Azure filesystem

[Tom-Newton]

Describe the enhancement requested

So far the Azure filesystem implementation only supports account key authentication. This is ok initially during development but for normal operation role-based access control (RBAC) is recommended.

Azure authentication that I think are important to supported (roughly ordered with most important first):

• [C++][FS][Azure] Default credential authentication #39262
• [C++][FS][Azure] Workload Identity Authentication #39318
• [C++][FS][Azure] Managed Identity authentication #39320
• [C++][FS][Azure] Client secret authentication #39343
• [C++][FS][Azure] Azure CLI authentation #39344
• [C++][FS][Azure] Environment credential authentication #39345
• SAS token. I believe SAS token just needs to be appended to the URL in the right places.
• None, for un-secured accounts. Implemented by GH-39449: [C++] Use default Azure credentials implicitly and support anonymous credentials explicitly #39450

Related Issues:

• [C++] Filesystem implementation for Azure Blob Storage #18014 (is a child of)

Component(s)

C++

[kou]

Can we split this issue to each authentication method?

[pitrou]

Can we split this issue to each authentication method?

Seconded. What we did in S3 is simply start with the simplest methods (anonymous, secret key) and then let contributors add whichever auth method they needed.

[Tom-Newton]

Ok 👍. I'll probably make each individual auth method a sub ticket of this ticket.

I plan to start working on this quite soon.