ARROW-16187: [Go][Parquet] Properly utilize BufferedStream and buffer size when reading

[zeroshade]

Currently the BufferSize in the ReaderProperties isn't utilized properly when enabling BufferedStreams. This fixes that issue so that enabling BufferedStream reading via the properties will correctly utilize the given buffer size when reading. The default buffersize is currently 16K, so reads that are larger than that will ignore the buffering and just pull directly from the underlying reader when BufferedStream is enabled, pulling the entire page or otherwise from the reader if BufferedStream is not enabled.

The buffer size can be set larger so that controlled reads can improve performance on high-latency readers without having to use the memory to read the entire column/page/row group into memory.

[github-actions]

https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-16187

[emkornfield]

+1 LGTM

[ursabot]

Benchmark runs are scheduled for baseline = cbf7d76 and contender = 8bd5514. 8bd5514 is a master commit associated with this PR. Results will be available as each benchmark for each run completes.
Conbench compare runs links:
[Finished ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2
[Failed] test-mac-arm
[Failed ⬇️0.0% ⬆️0.0%] ursa-i9-9960x
[Finished ⬇️0.34% ⬆️0.04%] ursa-thinkcentre-m75q
Buildkite builds:
[Finished] <https://buildkite.com/apache-arrow/arrow-bci-benchmark-on-ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2/builds/580| 8bd5514f ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2>
[Failed] <https://buildkite.com/apache-arrow/arrow-bci-benchmark-on-test-mac-arm/builds/568| 8bd5514f test-mac-arm>
[Failed] <https://buildkite.com/apache-arrow/arrow-bci-benchmark-on-ursa-i9-9960x/builds/566| 8bd5514f ursa-i9-9960x>
[Finished] <https://buildkite.com/apache-arrow/arrow-bci-benchmark-on-ursa-thinkcentre-m75q/builds/578| 8bd5514f ursa-thinkcentre-m75q>
[Finished] <https://buildkite.com/apache-arrow/arrow-bci-benchmark-on-ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2/builds/579| cbf7d76a ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2>
[Failed] <https://buildkite.com/apache-arrow/arrow-bci-benchmark-on-test-mac-arm/builds/567| cbf7d76a test-mac-arm>
[Failed] <https://buildkite.com/apache-arrow/arrow-bci-benchmark-on-ursa-i9-9960x/builds/565| cbf7d76a ursa-i9-9960x>
[Finished] <https://buildkite.com/apache-arrow/arrow-bci-benchmark-on-ursa-thinkcentre-m75q/builds/577| cbf7d76a ursa-thinkcentre-m75q>
Supported benchmarks:
ec2-t3-xlarge-us-east-2: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R. Runs only benchmarks with cloud = True
test-mac-arm: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Python, R
ursa-i9-9960x: Supported benchmark langs: Python, R, JavaScript
ursa-thinkcentre-m75q: Supported benchmark langs: C++, Java