full example demonstrating the universal bootstrap

UniversalBootstrapDemo/Package.swift

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+// swift-tools-version:5.1
+// The swift-tools-version declares the minimum version of Swift required to build this package.
+
+import PackageDescription
+
+let package = Package(
+    name: "UniversalBootstrapDemo",
+    dependencies: [
+        .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-nio.git", from: "2.16.1"),
+        .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-nio-ssl.git", from: "2.7.1"),
+        .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-nio-transport-services.git", from: "1.5.1"),
+        .package(url: "https://github.com/apple/swift-argument-parser.git", .upToNextMinor(from: "0.0.5"))
+    ],
+    targets: [
+        .target(
+            name: "UniversalBootstrapDemo",
+            dependencies: ["NIO", "NIOSSL", "NIOTransportServices", "NIOHTTP1", "ArgumentParser"]),
+    ]
+)

UniversalBootstrapDemo/README.md

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+# UniversalBootstrapDemo
+
+This little package demonstrates how you can use SwiftNIO's universal bootstraps. That allows you to fully support Network.framework on
+Apple platforms (if new enough) as well as BSD Sockets on Linux (and older Apple platforms).
+
+## Understanding this example
+
+This example mainly consists of three files:
+
+- [`EventLoopGroupManager.swift`](Sources/UniversalBootstrapDemo/EventLoopGroupManager.swift) which is the main and most important component of this example. It demonstrates a way how you can manage your `EventLoopGroup`, select a matching bootstrap, as well as a TLS implementation.
+- [`ExampleHTTPLibrary.swift`](Sources/UniversalBootstrapDemo/ExampleHTTPLibrary.swift) which is an example of how you could implement a basic HTTP library using `EventLoopGroupManager`.
+- [`main.swift`](Sources/UniversalBootstrapDemo/main.swift) which is just the driver to run the example programs.
+
+## Examples
+
+### Platform best
+
+To use the best networking available on your platform, try
+
+    swift run UniversalBootstrapDemo https://httpbin.org/get
+
+The output would be for example:
+
+```
+# Channel
+NIOTransportServices.NIOTSConnectionChannel
+```
+
+Ah, we're running on a `NIOTSConnectionChannel` which means Network.framework was used to provide the underlying TCP connection.
+
+
+```
+# ChannelPipeline
+                     [I] ↓↑ [O]
+                         ↓↑ HTTPRequestEncoder  [handler0]
+     HTTPResponseDecoder ↓↑ HTTPResponseDecoder [handler1]
+    PrintToStdoutHandler ↓↑                     [handler2]
+```
+
+ Note, that there is no `NIOSSLClientHandler` in the pipeline despite using HTTPS. That is because Network.framework does also providing
+ the TLS support.
+
+```
+# HTTP response body
+{
+  "args": {}, 
+  "headers": {
+    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
+    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5eb1a4aa-4004f9686506e319aebd44a1"
+  }, 
+  "origin": "86.158.121.11", 
+  "url": "https://httpbin.org/get"
+}
+```
+
+### Running with an `EventLoopGroup` selected by somebody else
+
+To imitate your library needing to support an `EventLoopGroup` of unknown backing that was passed in from a client, you may want to try
+
+    swift run UniversalBootstrapDemo --force-bsd-sockets https://httpbin.org/get
+
+The new output is now
+
+```
+# Channel
+SocketChannel { BaseSocket { fd=9 }, active = true, localAddress = Optional([IPv4]192.168.4.26/192.168.4.26:60266), remoteAddress = Optional([IPv4]35.170.216.115/35.170.216.115:443) }
+```
+
+Which uses BSD sockets.
+
+```
+# ChannelPipeline
+                     [I] ↓↑ [O]
+     NIOSSLClientHandler ↓↑ NIOSSLClientHandler [handler3]
+                         ↓↑ HTTPRequestEncoder  [handler0]
+     HTTPResponseDecoder ↓↑ HTTPResponseDecoder [handler1]
+    PrintToStdoutHandler ↓↑                     [handler2]
+```
+
+And the `ChannelPipeline` now also contains the `NIOSSLClientHandler` because SwiftNIOSSL now has to take care of TLS encryption.
+
+```
+# HTTP response body
+{
+  "args": {}, 
+  "headers": {
+    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
+    "X-Amzn-Trace-Id": "Root=1-5eb1a543-8fcbadf00a2b9990969c35c0"
+  }, 
+  "origin": "86.158.121.11", 
+  "url": "https://httpbin.org/get"
+}
+```

UniversalBootstrapDemo/Sources/UniversalBootstrapDemo/EventLoopGroupManager.swift

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+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// This source file is part of the SwiftNIO open source project
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2020 Apple Inc. and the SwiftNIO project authors
+// Licensed under Apache License v2.0
+//
+// See LICENSE.txt for license information
+// See CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of SwiftNIO project authors
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+import NIO
+import NIOTransportServices
+import NIOSSL
+
+/// `EventLoopGroupManager` can be used to manage an `EventLoopGroup`, either by creating or by sharing an existing one.
+///
+/// When making network client libraries with SwiftNIO that are supposed to work well on both Apple platforms (macOS,
+/// iOS, tvOS, ...) as well as Linux, users often find it tedious to select the right combination of:
+///
+/// - an `EventLoopGroup`
+/// - a bootstrap
+/// - a TLS implementation
+///
+/// The choices to the above need to be compatible, or else the program won't work.
+///
+/// What makes the task even harder is that as a client library, you often want to share the `EventLoopGroup` with other
+/// components. That raises the question of how to choose a bootstrap and a matching TLS implementation without even
+/// knowing the concrete `EventLoopGroup` type (it may be `SelectableEventLoop` which is an internal `NIO` types).
+/// `EventLoopGroupManager` should support all those use cases with a simple API.
+public class EventLoopGroupManager {
+    private var group: Optional<EventLoopGroup>
+    private let provider: Provider
+    private var sslContext = try! NIOSSLContext(configuration: .forClient())
+
+    public enum Provider {
+        case createNew
+        case shared(EventLoopGroup)
+    }
+
+    /// Initialize the `EventLoopGroupManager` with a `Provder` of `EventLoopGroup`s.
+    ///
+    /// The `Provider` lets you choose whether to use a `.shared(group)` or to `.createNew`.
+    public init(provider: Provider) {
+        self.provider = provider
+        switch self.provider {
+        case .shared(let group):
+            self.group = group
+        case .createNew:
+            self.group = nil
+        }
+    }
+
+    deinit {
+        assert(self.group == nil, "Please call EventLoopGroupManager.syncShutdown .")
+    }
+}
+
+// - MARK: Public API
+extension EventLoopGroupManager {
+    /// Create a "universal bootstrap" for the given host.
+    ///
+    /// - parameters:
+    ///     - hostname: The hostname to connect to (for SNI).
+    ///     - useTLS: Whether to use TLS or not.
+    public func makeBootstrap(hostname: String, useTLS: Bool = true) throws -> NIOClientTCPBootstrap {
+        let bootstrap: NIOClientTCPBootstrap
+
+        if let group = self.group {
+            bootstrap = try self.makeUniversalBootstrapWithExistingGroup(group, serverHostname: hostname)
+        } else {
+            bootstrap = try self.makeUniversalBootstrapWithSystemDefaults(serverHostname: hostname)
+        }
+
+        if useTLS {
+            return bootstrap.enableTLS()
+        } else {
+            return bootstrap
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Shutdown the `EventLoopGroupManager`.
+    ///
+    /// This will release all resources associated with the `EventLoopGroupManager` such as the threads that the
+    /// `EventLoopGroup` runs on.
+    ///
+    /// This method _must_ be called when you're done with this `EventLoopGroupManager`.
+    public func syncShutdown() throws {
+        switch self.provider {
+        case .createNew:
+            try self.group?.syncShutdownGracefully()
+        case .shared:
+            () // nothing to do.
+        }
+        self.group = nil
+    }
+}
+
+// - MARK: Error types
+extension EventLoopGroupManager {
+    /// The provided `EventLoopGroup` is not compatible with this client.
+    public struct UnsupportedEventLoopGroupError: Error {
+        var eventLoopGroup: EventLoopGroup
+    }
+}
+
+// - MARK: Internal functions
+extension EventLoopGroupManager {
+    // This function combines the right pieces and returns you a "universal client bootstrap"
+    // (`NIOClientTCPBootstrap`). This allows you to bootstrap connections (with or without TLS) using either the
+    // NIO on sockets (`NIO`) or NIO on Network.framework (`NIOTransportServices`) stacks.
+    // The remainder of the code should be platform-independent.
+    private func makeUniversalBootstrapWithSystemDefaults(serverHostname: String) throws -> NIOClientTCPBootstrap {
+        if let group = self.group {
+            return try self.makeUniversalBootstrapWithExistingGroup(group, serverHostname: serverHostname)
+        }
+
+        let group: EventLoopGroup
+        #if canImport(Network)
+        if #available(macOS 10.14, iOS 12, tvOS 12, watchOS 6, *) {
+            // We run on a new-enough Darwin so we can use Network.framework
+            group = NIOTSEventLoopGroup()
+        } else {
+            // We're on Darwin but not new enough for Network.framework, so we fall back on NIO on BSD sockets.
+            group = MultiThreadedEventLoopGroup(numberOfThreads: 1)
+        }
+        #else
+        // We are on a non-Darwin platform, so we'll use BSD sockets.
+        group = MultiThreadedEventLoopGroup(numberOfThreads: 1)
+        #endif
+
+        // Let's save it for next time.
+        self.group = group
+        return try self.makeUniversalBootstrapWithExistingGroup(group, serverHostname: serverHostname)
+    }
+
+    // If we already know the group, then let's just contruct the correct bootstrap.
+    private func makeUniversalBootstrapWithExistingGroup(_ group: EventLoopGroup,
+                                                                serverHostname: String) throws -> NIOClientTCPBootstrap {
+        if let bootstrap = ClientBootstrap(validatingGroup: group) {
+            return try NIOClientTCPBootstrap(bootstrap,
+                                             tls: NIOSSLClientTLSProvider(context: self.sslContext,
+                                                                          serverHostname: serverHostname))
+        }
+
+        #if canImport(Network)
+        if #available(macOS 10.14, iOS 12, tvOS 12, watchOS 6, *) {
+            if let makeBootstrap = NIOTSConnectionBootstrap(validatingGroup: group) {
+                return NIOClientTCPBootstrap(makeBootstrap, tls: NIOTSClientTLSProvider())
+            }
+        }
+        #endif
+
+        throw UnsupportedEventLoopGroupError(eventLoopGroup: group)
+    }
+}

UniversalBootstrapDemo/Sources/UniversalBootstrapDemo/ExampleHTTPLibrary.swift

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+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+//
+// This source file is part of the SwiftNIO open source project
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2020 Apple Inc. and the SwiftNIO project authors
+// Licensed under Apache License v2.0
+//
+// See LICENSE.txt for license information
+// See CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of SwiftNIO project authors
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+import NIO
+import NIOHTTP1
+import Foundation
+
+public struct UnsupportedURLError: Error {
+    var url: String
+}
+
+public class ExampleHTTPLibrary {
+    let groupManager: EventLoopGroupManager
+
+    public init(groupProvider provider: EventLoopGroupManager.Provider) {
+        self.groupManager = EventLoopGroupManager(provider: provider)
+    }
+
+    public func shutdown() throws {
+        try self.groupManager.syncShutdown()
+    }
+
+    public func makeRequest(url urlString: String) throws {
+        final class PrintToStdoutHandler: ChannelInboundHandler {
+
+            typealias InboundIn = HTTPClientResponsePart
+
+            func channelRead(context: ChannelHandlerContext, data: NIOAny) {
+                switch self.unwrapInboundIn(data) {
+                case .head:
+                    () // ignore
+                case .body(let buffer):
+                    buffer.withUnsafeReadableBytes { ptr in
+                        _ = write(STDOUT_FILENO, ptr.baseAddress, ptr.count)
+                    }
+                case .end:
+                    context.close(promise: nil)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        guard let url = URL(string: urlString),
+              let hostname = url.host,
+              let scheme = url.scheme?.lowercased(),
+              ["http", "https"].contains(scheme.lowercased()) else {
+            throw UnsupportedURLError(url: urlString)
+        }
+        let uri = url.path
+        let useTLS = url.scheme?.lowercased() == "https" ? true : false
+        let connection = try groupManager.makeBootstrap(hostname: hostname, useTLS: useTLS)
+                .channelInitializer { channel in
+                    channel.pipeline.addHTTPClientHandlers().flatMap {
+                        channel.pipeline.addHandler(PrintToStdoutHandler())
+                    }
+                }
+                .connect(host: hostname, port: useTLS ? 443 : 80)
+                .wait()
+        print("# Channel")
+        print(connection)
+        print("# ChannelPipeline")
+        print("\(connection.pipeline)")
+        print("# HTTP response body")
+        let reqHead = HTTPClientRequestPart.head(.init(version: .init(major: 1, minor: 1),
+                                                       method: .GET,
+                                                       uri: uri,
+                                                       headers: ["host": hostname]))
+        connection.write(reqHead, promise: nil)
+        try connection.writeAndFlush(HTTPClientRequestPart.end(nil)).wait()
+        try connection.closeFuture.wait()
+    }
+}