Meaningful exceptions in convolution

[nstarman]

What is the problem this feature will solve?

Convolution raises bare Exceptions!

astropy/astropy/convolution/core.py

Lines 379 to 381 in 8381f30

	raise Exception("Kernel operation not supported.")
	else:
	raise Exception("Kernel operation not supported.")

Describe the desired outcome

Have meaningful errors.
Maybe whip up a quick

class KernelException(Exception):
    """An exception for kernel convolution."""

Bare Excepts are a classic anti pattern.

Additional context

Noticed by Ruff in #14724

[nstarman]

We should do a followup to update the tests from pytest.raises(Exception) to pytest.raises(KernelArithmeticError)

Also, maybe all the Kernel error classes should have a common base class? Like KernelError

[larrybradley]

@nstarman I'm working on a PR to clean up various convolution exceptions. I'll also update the tests from #14724.