This repository describes nodes used to facilitate workshops and demos for mesh networking. The nodes boot with multiple zero-configuration technologies such as mDNS and self-addressing auto-peering mesh protocols to eliminate initial set up time. An autonomous network is formed upon power-on and nodes can address each other over <hostname>.local addresses.
The scripts to generate unique configurations for each node is contained in this repository. Creation of the nodes is fast and trivial, and only needs to be done once, since the nodes do not persist any runtime state. User sessions are run off a ramdisk (and a swap memory-backed filesystem) such that all runtime states are lost across power cycles.
Once the nodes are prepared, no Internet connection is necessary to run this workshop (unless you want to run docker containers). All the software is pre-installed and the peer-to-peer network operates without the need for a central server or Internet connectivity.
Each node consists of one:
- Raspberry Pi 3
- USB WiFi adapter with
rt2800usb,ath9k_htc, orrtl8192cudriver - SD card with 8 GB or more space
Other accessories:
- Power supply for Raspberry Pi 3
- Ethernet cables
- A network switch may come in handy
You may optionally use a Raspberry Pi 2 instead of a Raspberry Pi 3. In that case, you should have one rt2800usb adapter (for mesh point) and one ath9k_htc or rtl8192cu adapter (for access point). The configuration scripts will by default detect Raspberry Pi 2 hardware and configure these interfaces as described.
-
Download the latest mesh-orange release of
raspberrypi3-<version>_default.img, then flash the image onto an SD card with a tool like Etcher. -
Download the latest mesh-workshop release and unpack it. Mount the FAT partition of the SD card you flashed in the previous step, then use the tool
mesh-workshopto install workshop files on each node:$ ./mesh-workshop Usage: mesh-workshop confpath nodename Example: mesh-workshop /Volumes/BOOT/conf.d/ bloorThe example shows a path to your SD card on Mac OS, your local path may differ. The command installs node profile and workshop files to the SD card
conf.dfor the node with hostnamebloor.
Power on the Raspberry Pi 3 and wait for a solid green LED with a flashing red LED. Now your node is ready.
The Raspberry Pi's 3 on-board WiFi radio is configured as an Access Point with:
SSID: <hostname>
Password: password
IP address: 10.0.0.1
In the example, you can connect to the SSID bloor with password password.
Once connected to the Access Point from your computer, you can connect to it with SSH password root:
$ ssh root@<hostname>.local
In the example, this would be ssh root@bloor.local. You can also connect to the IP address directly without using mDNS ssh root@10.0.0.1.
You can list all the network interfaces with networkctl:
root@bloor:~# networkctl
IDX LINK TYPE OPERATIONAL SETUP
1 lo loopback carrier unmanaged
2 eth0 ether no-carrier configuring
3 wlan0 wlan routable configured
4 tun0 none routable unmanaged
5 wlan1 wlan routable configured
6 tun1 none routable unmanaged
7 docker0 ether no-carrier unmanaged
7 links listed.
Then use networkctl status to see their assigned IP addresses:
root@bloor:~# networkctl status
● State: routable
Address: 10.0.1.3 on wlan0
10.0.0.1 on wlan1
172.17.0.1 on docker0
169.254.227.187 on wlan0
fd00:338a:9ae7:1947:8a2b:7ea3:5c2d:f737 on tun0
fcb0:3f14:ebc8:1f7b:a1ce:bd44:a410:5049 on tun1
fe80::8e88:2bff:fe00:e2 on wlan0
fe80::ab48:ab55:de33:5d74 on tun0
fe80::ba27:ebff:fe95:382b on wlan1
fe80::2dfe:b629:409d:e802 on tun1
In this example, the mesh router:
- cjdns created
tun1withfcb0:3f14:ebc8:1f7b:a1ce:bd44:a410:5049in itsfc00::/8address space - yggdrasil created
tun0withfd00:338a:9ae7:1947:8a2b:7ea3:5c2d:f737in itsfd00::/8address space
You can use iw dev to see the on-board WiFi radio in AP mode on channel 11 and the USB WiFi radio in mesh point mode on channel 1 taking up 40 MHz:
root@bloor:~# iw dev
phy#1
Interface wlan1
ifindex 5
wdev 0x100000001
addr b8:27:eb:95:38:2b
ssid bloor
type AP
channel 11 (2462 MHz), width: 20 MHz, center1: 2462 MHz
txpower 31.00 dBm
phy#0
Interface wlan0
ifindex 3
wdev 0x1
addr 8c:88:2b:00:00:e2
type mesh point
channel 1 (2412 MHz), width: 40 MHz, center1: 2422 MHz
txpower 30.00 dBm
Then you can do a iw <interface> station dump to see devices connected to the interface:
root@bloor:~# iw wlan1 station dump
Station b8:e8:56:2b:30:c6 (on wlan1)
inactive time: 0 ms
rx bytes: 155498
rx packets: 1487
tx bytes: 104580
tx packets: 716
tx failed: 1
signal: -27 [-27] dBm
tx bitrate: 72.2 MBit/s
rx bitrate: 65.0 MBit/s
authorized: yes
authenticated: yes
associated: yes
WMM/WME: yes
TDLS peer: yes
DTIM period: 2
beacon interval:100
short slot time:yes
connected time: 301 seconds
In this example, it is showing the radio of my laptop that is connected to the Raspberry Pi's Access Point on wlan0.
Ping another node that is peered over the mesh point interface. For example, to ping the host college, you can do:
root@bloor:~# ping college.local
This will ping the local addresses advertised by mDNS. You can also ping the cjdns and yggdrasil addresses. For example:
root@bloor:~# ping -6 cjdns.college.local
root@bloor:~# ping -6 ygg.college.local
Or you can ping the IP addresses directly. For example, college can ping bloor like this:
root@college:~# ping -6 fcb0:3f14:ebc8:1f7b:a1ce:bd44:a410:5049
root@college:~# ping -6 fd00:338a:9ae7:1947:8a2b:7ea3:5c2d:f737
These pings go through the encrypted tun1 and tun0 virtual interfaces, associated with cjdns and yggdrasil, respectively in this example. Note that these addresses are regenerated on power cycle.
Sometimes cjdns does not know that a new peer came up, so if the ping fails you need to restart the process with:
kill `ps aux | grep -e '^nobody.*cjdroute' | awk '{ print $2 }'`
To measure network bandwidth, one host needs to run an iperf3 server:
root@bloor:~# iperf3 -s
If bloor is running as server, college can send test traffic to it with:
root@college:~# iperf3 -c bloor.local
You can also test the encrypted interfaces and observe that the bandwidth is lower:
root@college:~# iperf3 -6 -c cjdns.bloor.local
root@college:~# iperf3 -6 -c ygg.bloor.local
After the test, bloor can hit Ctrl + C to stop the iperf3 server.
Use nc to send plaintext messages to one another, one host can listen on port 80:
root@bloor:~# nc -l -p 80
If bloor is listening, college can send a plaintext message with:
root@college:~# nc bloor.local 80
You can also run a minimal webserver that can respond to HTTP messages. Look at the script start-webserver.sh and run it:
root@bloor:~# cat ~/scripts/start-webserver.sh
root@bloor:~# sh ~/scripts/start-webserver.sh
Then on college:
root@college:~# curl bloor.local
Observe the response from the webserver. When you are ready to move on, hit Ctrl + C to stop the server.
Connect an ethernet cable between bloor and college, run networkctl on each node and observe that eth0 now shows up as degraded:
root@bloor:~# networkctl
IDX LINK TYPE OPERATIONAL SETUP
1 lo loopback carrier unmanaged
2 eth0 ether degraded configuring
That's because it has no IP address assigned to it, so we need to manually assign 192.168.0.1 to the interface and tell bloor to route all 192.168.0.0/24 subnet traffic through it:
root@bloor:~# ip addr add 192.168.0.1/24 dev eth0
Now you may list your routes with ip route and see the new static route:
root@bloor:~# ip route
default dev wlan0 proto static scope link metric 2048
10.0.0.0/24 dev wlan1 proto kernel scope link src 10.0.0.1
10.0.1.0/24 dev wlan0 proto kernel scope link src 10.0.1.3
169.254.0.0/16 dev wlan0 proto kernel scope link src 169.254.227.187
172.17.0.0/16 dev docker0 proto kernel scope link src 172.17.0.1 linkdown
192.168.0.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.0.1
You will now see networkctl show it as routable. Now assign 192.168.0.2/24 to the eth0 interface on college and ping bloor:
root@college:~# ip addr add 192.168.0.2/24 dev eth0
root@college:~# ping 192.168.0.1
Now you can iperf3 across the new wired link and observe close to 100 Mbps bandwidth because the Raspberry Pi 3 supports a 10/100 Mbps ethernet interface.
Construct the following network topology:
+--------------------+ +--------------------+ +------------------+
| bloor | WiFi | jane | | college |
| - wireless adapter +------+ - wireless adapter | ethernet cable | |
| | | - wired ethernet +================+ - wired ethernet |
+--------------------+ +--------------------+ +------------------+
You will find that bloor and college cannot ping each other over the link-local addresses, but they can find a path to each other via jane on the cjdns and yggdrasil addresses, because these are mesh routers that will relay traffic across multiple hops. For example:
root@college:~# ping -6 fcb0:3f14:ebc8:1f7b:a1ce:bd44:a410:5049
root@college:~# ping -6 fd00:338a:9ae7:1947:8a2b:7ea3:5c2d:f737
You can also iperf3 the two nodes and observe the bandwidth between the two nodes while routing via jane. Note that mDNS addresses will not resolve here, because the mDNS requests are not forwarded across network interfaces (i.e. WiFi and wired ethernet).
The system image has docker-ce pre-installed, so you just need to prepare a tar archive of a docker image you need, then you can load and run the docker image without Internet access.
It is not a concern that we will run out of ramdisk space, because 6 GB of the SD card is used to back the in-memory filesystem:
root@bloor:~# df -t rootfs -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
rootfs 5.8G 350M 5.4G 6% /
See? We have plenty of space. The backing partition is mounted as swap memory so state is not retained after power cycle.
We first need to find a Dockerfile that supports our arm32v7 architecture. Although loading and running the docker images do not require Internet, this one-time step of preparing a docker image archive requires your node to have Internet connectivity.
In this example, we will run ipfs using the Dockerfile from vanmesh/p2p-apps-dockers:
root@christie:~# docker build -t tomeshnet/ipfs:0.1 https://raw.githubusercontent.com/vanmesh/p2p-apps-dockers/master/go-ipfs/Dockerfile
root@christie:~# docker save --output tomeshnet-ipfs-0.1.tar tomeshnet/ipfs:0.1
Now we have a tar archive of the docker image called tomeshnet-ipfs-0.1.tar. Copy the docker image archive to your computer, then put it in conf.d/docker/ on the SD card root of each node you are preparing. For example, on Mac OS:
$ mkdir /Volumes/BOOT/conf.d/home/docker
$ cp tomeshnet-ipfs-0.1.tar /Volumes/BOOT/conf.d/home/docker/
This docker folder will be copied to the user home when the node starts.
If the node with hostname bloor is set up such that conf.d/docker/ contains tomeshnet-ipfs-0.1.tar, you can do this upon boot to load and run the tomeshnet/ipfs:0.1 docker image without the need for Internet access:
root@bloor:~# docker load --input ~/docker/tomeshnet-ipfs-0.1.tar
root@bloor:~# docker run --name ipfs --network host --detach tomeshnet/ipfs:0.1
This is only one example of an application you can run in a docker container. You can follow similar steps to prepare another appication and load them on all your nodes.
After starting the ipfs docker container in detached mode, you can find information about it with docker ps and docker inspect ipfs. Now start a user session in the container:
root@bloor:~# docker exec -it ipfs sh
From the session, you can interact with the ipfs node. For example, create a text file with the text Hello World and add that to the ipfs node, then read it back by finding the content by its <ipfs-content-hash>:
/ # echo Hello World | ipfs add
/ # ipfs cat QmWATWQ7fVPP2EFGu71UkfnqhYXDYH566qy47CnJDgvs8u
The container runs an ipfs-to-http gateway that can be accessed from clients connected to the Access Point of the Raspberry Pi. You can use a URL formatted like this to access ipfs content from the client browser:
http://<hostname>.local:8080/ipfs/<ipfs-content-hash>
For example, http://bloor.local:8080/ipfs/QmWATWQ7fVPP2EFGu71UkfnqhYXDYH566qy47CnJDgvs8u fetches the Hello World text.
Now if you want to share content with other nodes, your ipfs node needs to be peered with other ipfs nodes to form an ipfs network. To do that, find out your ipfs node addresses on the mesh network:
/ # ipfs id
{
"ID": "QmXLWSa1AbLJfivfT9dQJdvs6AsdMkjZjjBMv5SVtimVBq",
"PublicKey": "CAASpgIwggEiMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4IBDwAwggEKAoIBAQC6iZpl77PGvs2IImHtwmUxlJBKsDWcTFiNP1JfOep8l3MjnBkdhr/IPjjCv0xREodA11GHrL4xsq4SyPI0waR2V9/GVb8TQZQ9GkcujciSogAyJ23FcZrf06fo2pk2RvtSdJM0ox7ejLNBp2zTU3A1bgvLMipue0TKBwoZqfsyzXtA9se+9j+rXorDNGxHsQh+++XlQd082MBjXKtVH1qNoDZLrPzXIFLdB0jgBv1zkaUDvh+kFYnHORCKnkuBVhryo84zKzxBlA8WVSeILb4j71tvo2FBxIBEb0tr1cjE7DdrA/92lnwMgC4yfyXJMBwqTcXwPPybHMXwfViP27cvAgMBAAE=",
"Addresses": [
"/ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/4001/ipfs/QmXLWSa1AbLJfivfT9dQJdvs6AsdMkjZjjBMv5SVtimVBq",
"/ip4/10.0.0.1/tcp/4001/ipfs/QmXLWSa1AbLJfivfT9dQJdvs6AsdMkjZjjBMv5SVtimVBq",
"/ip4/169.254.247.160/tcp/4001/ipfs/QmXLWSa1AbLJfivfT9dQJdvs6AsdMkjZjjBMv5SVtimVBq",
"/ip4/10.0.1.3/tcp/4001/ipfs/QmXLWSa1AbLJfivfT9dQJdvs6AsdMkjZjjBMv5SVtimVBq",
"/ip4/172.17.0.1/tcp/4001/ipfs/QmXLWSa1AbLJfivfT9dQJdvs6AsdMkjZjjBMv5SVtimVBq",
"/ip6/::1/tcp/4001/ipfs/QmXLWSa1AbLJfivfT9dQJdvs6AsdMkjZjjBMv5SVtimVBq",
"/ip6/fd00:338a:9ae7:1947:8a2b:7ea3:5c2d:f737/tcp/4001/ipfs/QmXLWSa1AbLJfivfT9dQJdvs6AsdMkjZjjBMv5SVtimVBq",
"/ip6/fcb0:3f14:ebc8:1f7b:a1ce:bd44:a410:5049/tcp/4001/ipfs/QmXLWSa1AbLJfivfT9dQJdvs6AsdMkjZjjBMv5SVtimVBq"
],
"AgentVersion": "go-ipfs/0.4.13/cc01b7f18",
"ProtocolVersion": "ipfs/0.1.0"
}
Note the cjdns /ip6/fc00::/8 and yggdrasil /ip6/fd00::/8 addresses and share them with another node (e.g. college) so it can add you as a bootstrap peer from its docker user session:
/ # ipfs bootstrap add /ip6/fcb0:3f14:ebc8:1f7b:a1ce:bd44:a410:5049/tcp/4001/ipfs/QmXLWSa1AbLJfivfT9dQJdvs6AsdMkjZjjBMv5SVtimVBq
Notice that the ipfs node address is in the format /ip6/<mesh-node-ip-address>/tcp/4001/ipfs/<ipfs-node-id>. Now an ipfs network is formed between bloor and college. Try publishing content on one node and fetching it from another.
To recap in this example, we started an ipfs daemon and ipfs-to-http gateway in a docker container, then peered two nodes to create an ipfs content-addressing network. Each mesh node is now also an ipfs node that publishes and fetches content within our local mesh network. Through the http gateway, devices connected to the Raspberry Pi's Access Point can use a browser to fetch content published by any node that has at least one peer in this ipfs network.