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| within Modelica.UsersGuide; | ||
| class Connectors "Connectors" | ||
| extends Modelica.Icons.Information; | ||
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| annotation (Documentation(info="<html> | ||
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| <p> | ||
| The Modelica standard library defines the most important | ||
| <strong>elementary connectors</strong> in various domains. If any possible, | ||
| a user should utilize these connectors in order that components | ||
| from the Modelica Standard Library and from other libraries | ||
| can be combined without problems. | ||
| The following elementary connectors are defined | ||
| (the meaning of potential, flow, and stream | ||
| variables is explained in section \"Connector Equations\" below): | ||
| </p> | ||
|
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| <table border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"1\"> | ||
| <tr><td><strong>domain</strong></td> | ||
| <td><strong>potential<br>variables</strong></td> | ||
| <td><strong>flow<br>variables</strong></td> | ||
| <td><strong>stream<br>variables</strong></td> | ||
| <td><strong>connector definition</strong></td> | ||
| <td><strong>icons</strong></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>electrical<br>analog</strong></td> | ||
| <td>electrical potential</td> | ||
| <td>electrical current</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces\">Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>Pin, PositivePin, NegativePin</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/ElectricalPins.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>electrical<br>polyphase</strong></td> | ||
| <td colspan=\"3\">vector of electrical pins</td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Electrical.Polyphase.Interfaces\">Modelica.Electrical.Polyphase.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>Plug, PositivePlug, NegativePlug</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/ElectricalPlugs.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>electrical<br>space phasor</strong></td> | ||
| <td>2 electrical potentials</td> | ||
| <td>2 electrical currents</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Interfaces\">Modelica.Electrical.Machines.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>SpacePhasor</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/SpacePhasor.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>quasi-static<br>single-phase</strong></td> | ||
| <td>complex electrical potential</td> | ||
| <td>complex electrical current</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Electrical.QuasiStatic.SinglePhase.Interfaces\"> | ||
| Modelica.Electrical.QuasiStatic.SinglePhase.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>Pin, PositivePin, NegativePin</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/QuasiStaticSinglePhasePins.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>quasi-static<br>polyphase</strong></td> | ||
| <td colspan=\"3\">vector of quasi-static single-phase pins</td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Electrical.QuasiStatic.Polyphase.Interfaces\">Modelica.Electrical.QuasiStatic.Polyphase.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>Plug, PositivePlug, NegativePlug</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/QuasiStaticPolyphasePlugs.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>electrical<br>digital</strong></td> | ||
| <td>Integer (1..9)</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Electrical.Digital.Interfaces\">Modelica.Electrical.Digital.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>DigitalSignal, DigitalInput, DigitalOutput</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/Digital.png\"></td></tr> | ||
|
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| <tr><td><strong>magnetic<br>flux tubes</strong></td> | ||
| <td>magnetic potential</td> | ||
| <td>magnetic flux</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td> | ||
| <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Interfaces\">Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>MagneticPort, PositiveMagneticPort,<br>NegativeMagneticPort</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/MagneticPorts.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>magnetic<br>fundamental<br>wave</strong></td> | ||
| <td>complex magnetic potential</td> | ||
| <td>complex magnetic flux</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td> | ||
| <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Magnetic.FundamentalWave.Interfaces\">Modelica.Magnetic.FundamentalWave.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>MagneticPort, PositiveMagneticPort,<br>NegativeMagneticPort</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/FundamentalWavePorts.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>translational</strong></td> | ||
| <td>distance</td> | ||
| <td>cut-force</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Interfaces\">Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>Flange_a, Flange_b</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/TranslationalFlanges.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>rotational</strong></td> | ||
| <td>angle</td> | ||
| <td>cut-torque</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Mechanics.Rotational.Interfaces\">Modelica.Mechanics.Rotational.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>Flange_a, Flange_b</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/RotationalFlanges.png\"></td></tr> | ||
|
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| <tr><td><strong>3-dim.<br>mechanics</strong></td> | ||
| <td>position vector<br> | ||
| orientation object</td> | ||
| <td>cut-force vector<br> | ||
| cut-torque vector</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Mechanics.MultiBody.Interfaces\">Modelica.Mechanics.MultiBody.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>Frame, Frame_a, Frame_b, Frame_resolve</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/MultiBodyFrames.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>simple<br>fluid flow</strong></td> | ||
| <td>pressure<br> | ||
| specific enthalpy</td> | ||
| <td>mass flow rate<br> | ||
| enthalpy flow rate</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Thermal.FluidHeatFlow.Interfaces\">Modelica.Thermal.FluidHeatFlow.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>FlowPort, FlowPort_a, FlowPort_b</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/FluidHeatFlowPorts.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>thermo<br>fluid flow</strong></td> | ||
| <td>pressure</td> | ||
| <td>mass flow rate</td> | ||
| <td>specific enthalpy<br>mass fractions</td> | ||
| <td> | ||
| <a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces\">Modelica.Fluid.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>FluidPort, FluidPort_a, FluidPort_b</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/FluidPorts.png\"></td></tr> | ||
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| <tr><td><strong>heat<br>transfer</strong></td> | ||
| <td>temperature</td> | ||
| <td>heat flow rate</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Interfaces\">Modelica.Thermal.HeatTransfer.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>HeatPort, HeatPort_a, HeatPort_b</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/ThermalHeatPorts.png\"></td></tr> | ||
|
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| <tr><td><strong>blocks</strong></td> | ||
| <td> | ||
| Real variable<br> | ||
| Integer variable<br> | ||
| Boolean variable</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces\">Modelica.Blocks.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br> | ||
| RealSignal, RealInput, RealOutput<br> | ||
| IntegerSignal, IntegerInput, IntegerOutput<br> | ||
| BooleanSignal, BooleanInput, BooleanOutput</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/Signals.png\"></td></tr> | ||
|
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| <tr><td><strong>complex<br>blocks</strong></td> | ||
| <td> | ||
| Complex variable</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.ComplexBlocks.Interfaces\">Modelica.ComplexBlocks.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>ComplexSignal, ComplexInput, ComplexOutput</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/ComplexSignals.png\"></td></tr> | ||
|
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| <tr><td><strong>state<br>machine</strong></td> | ||
| <td>Boolean variables<br> | ||
| (occupied, set,<br> | ||
| available, reset)</td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td></td> | ||
| <td><a href=\"modelica://Modelica.StateGraph.Interfaces\">Modelica.StateGraph.Interfaces</a> | ||
| <br>Step_in, Step_out, Transition_in, Transition_out</td> | ||
| <td><img src=\"modelica://Modelica/Resources/Images/UsersGuide/StateGraphPorts.png\"></td></tr> | ||
| </table> | ||
|
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| <p> | ||
| In all domains, usually 2 connectors are defined. The variable declarations | ||
| are <strong>identical</strong>, only the icons are different in order that it is easy | ||
| to distinguish connectors of the same domain that are attached at the same | ||
| component. | ||
| </p> | ||
|
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| <h4>Hierarchical Connectors </h4> | ||
| <p> | ||
| Modelica supports also hierarchical connectors, in a similar way as hierarchical models. | ||
| As a result, it is, e.g., possible, to collect elementary connectors together. | ||
| For example, an electrical plug consisting of two electrical pins can be defined as: | ||
| </p> | ||
|
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| <blockquote><pre> | ||
| <strong>connector</strong> Plug | ||
| <strong>import</strong> Modelica.Electrical.Analog.Interfaces; | ||
| Interfaces.PositivePin phase; | ||
| Interfaces.NegativePin ground; | ||
| <strong>end</strong> Plug; | ||
| </pre></blockquote> | ||
|
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| <p> | ||
| With one connect(..) equation, either two plugs can be connected | ||
| (and therefore implicitly also the phase and ground pins) or a | ||
| Pin connector can be directly connected to the phase or ground of | ||
| a Plug connector, such as \"connect(resistor.p, plug.phase)\". | ||
| </p> | ||
|
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| <h4 id=\"ConnectorEquations\">Connector Equations</h4> | ||
|
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| <p> | ||
| The connector variables listed above have been basically determined | ||
| with the following strategy: | ||
| </p> | ||
|
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| <ol> | ||
| <li> State the relevant balance equations and boundary | ||
| conditions of a volume for the particular physical domain.</li> | ||
| <li> Simplify the balance equations and boundary conditions | ||
| of (1) by taking the | ||
| limit of an infinitesimal small volume | ||
| (e.g., thermal domain: | ||
| temperatures are identical and heat flow rates | ||
| sum up to zero). | ||
| </li> | ||
| <li> Use the variables needed for the balance equations | ||
| and boundary conditions of (2) | ||
| in the connector and select appropriate Modelica | ||
| <strong>prefixes</strong>, so that these equations | ||
| are generated by the Modelica connection semantics. | ||
| </li> | ||
| </ol> | ||
|
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| <p> | ||
| The Modelica connection semantics is sketched at hand | ||
| of an example: Three connectors c1, c2, c3 with the definition | ||
| </p> | ||
|
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| <blockquote><pre> | ||
| <strong>connector</strong> Demo | ||
| Real p; // potential variable | ||
| <strong>flow</strong> Real f; // flow variable | ||
| <strong>stream</strong> Real s; // stream variable | ||
| <strong>end</strong> Demo; | ||
| </pre></blockquote> | ||
|
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| <p> | ||
| are connected together with | ||
| </p> | ||
|
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| <blockquote><pre> | ||
| <strong>connect</strong>(c1,c2); | ||
| <strong>connect</strong>(c1,c3); | ||
| </pre></blockquote> | ||
|
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| <p> | ||
| then this leads to the following equations: | ||
| </p> | ||
|
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| <blockquote><pre> | ||
| // Potential variables are identical | ||
| c1.p = c2.p; | ||
| c1.p = c3.p; | ||
|
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| // The sum of the flow variables is zero | ||
| 0 = c1.f + c2.f + c3.f; | ||
|
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| /* The sum of the product of flow variables and upstream stream variables is zero | ||
| (this implicit set of equations is explicitly solved when generating code; | ||
| the \"<undefined>\" parts are defined in such a way that | ||
| inStream(..) is continuous). | ||
| */ | ||
| 0 = c1.f*(<strong>if</strong> c1.f > 0 <strong>then</strong> s_mix <strong>else</strong> c1.s) + | ||
| c2.f*(<strong>if</strong> c2.f > 0 <strong>then</strong> s_mix <strong>else</strong> c2.s) + | ||
| c3.f*(<strong>if</strong> c3.f > 0 <strong>then</strong> s_mix <strong>else</strong> c3.s); | ||
|
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| <strong>inStream</strong>(c1.s) = <strong>if</strong> c1.f > 0 <strong>then</strong> s_mix <strong>else</strong> <undefined>; | ||
| <strong>inStream</strong>(c2.s) = <strong>if</strong> c2.f > 0 <strong>then</strong> s_mix <strong>else</strong> <undefined>; | ||
| <strong>inStream</strong>(c3.s) = <strong>if</strong> c3.f > 0 <strong>then</strong> s_mix <strong>else</strong> <undefined>; | ||
| </pre></blockquote> | ||
|
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| </html>")); | ||
| end Connectors; |
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