Benchmarks

Benchmarks is a collection of Ruby micro benchmarks which can be cloned and run locally or used as an information point of reference. The various statistics on Ruby performance captured within this project may or may not surprise you.

Table of Contents

Features
Requirements
Setup
Usage
Development
Tests
License
Security
Code of Conduct
Contributions
Versions
Community
Credits

Features

Uses Benchmark IPS to calculate CPU/speed results.
Each script is independently executable.

Requirements

Ruby

Setup

To install, run:

git clone https://github.com/bkuhlmann/benchmarks.git
cd benchmarks
git checkout 4.3.0
bin/setup

Usage

All benchmark scripts are found within the scripts folder and you can run any benchmark using a relative or absolute file path. Example:

scripts/strings/split

The following is a list of all benchmarks (source + results). Again, you run these locally or study the results provided instead.

scripts/arrays/concatenation

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

a = %w[one two three]
b = %w[four five six]

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report "#+" do
    a + b
  end

  benchmark.report "#+=" do
    duplicate = a.dup
    duplicate += b
  end

  benchmark.report "#concat" do
    a.dup.concat b
  end

  benchmark.report "#|" do
    a | b
  end

  benchmark.report "#<< + #flatten" do
    (a.dup << b).flatten
  end

  benchmark.report "splat + #flatten" do
    [a, *b].flatten
  end

  benchmark.report "multi-splat" do
    [*a, *b]
  end

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
                  #+     1.109M i/100ms
                 #+=   642.208k i/100ms
             #concat   640.592k i/100ms
                  #|   462.891k i/100ms
      #<< + #flatten   190.264k i/100ms
    splat + #flatten   191.960k i/100ms
         multi-splat   595.693k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
                  #+     11.380M (± 6.3%) i/s -     57.673M in   5.088056s
                 #+=      7.020M (± 7.5%) i/s -     35.321M in   5.060801s
             #concat      6.757M (± 4.3%) i/s -     33.951M in   5.033526s
                  #|      4.589M (± 7.1%) i/s -     23.145M in   5.069256s
      #<< + #flatten      1.995M (± 7.8%) i/s -     10.084M in   5.083410s
    splat + #flatten      1.987M (± 7.7%) i/s -      9.982M in   5.053069s
         multi-splat      6.018M (± 5.4%) i/s -     30.380M in   5.063797s

Comparison:
                  #+: 11379928.4 i/s
                 #+=:  7020046.0 i/s - 1.62x  slower
             #concat:  6757373.6 i/s - 1.68x  slower
         multi-splat:  6017673.7 i/s - 1.89x  slower
                  #|:  4588614.9 i/s - 2.48x  slower
      #<< + #flatten:  1995390.6 i/s - 5.70x  slower
    splat + #flatten:  1986837.6 i/s - 5.73x  slower

scripts/arrays/search

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

list = %w[one two three four five six seven eight nine ten]
pattern = /t/

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("#grep") { list.grep pattern }
  benchmark.report("#select") { list.select { |value| value.match? pattern } }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
               #grep   173.406k i/100ms
             #select   185.779k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
               #grep      1.771M (± 6.7%) i/s -      8.844M in   5.016015s
             #select      1.912M (± 5.5%) i/s -      9.661M in   5.067631s

Comparison:
             #select:  1912344.1 i/s
               #grep:  1770866.9 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error

scripts/closures

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

Example = Class.new do
  def echo_implicit text
    yield
    text
  end

  def echo_implicit_guard text
    yield if block_given?
    text
  end

  def echo_explicit text, &block
    yield block
    text
  end

  def echo_explicit_guard text, &block
    yield block if block
    text
  end
end

block_example = Example.new
lambda_example = -> text { text }
proc_example = proc { |text| text }

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report "Block (implicit)" do
    block_example.echo_implicit("hi") { "test" }
  end

  benchmark.report "Block (implicit guard)" do
    block_example.echo_implicit_guard("hi") { "test" }
  end

  benchmark.report "Block (explicit)" do
    block_example.echo_explicit("hi") { "test" }
  end

  benchmark.report "Block (explicit guard)" do
    block_example.echo_explicit_guard("hi") { "test" }
  end

  benchmark.report "Lambda" do
    lambda_example.call "test"
  end

  benchmark.report "Proc" do
    proc_example.call "test"
  end

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
    Block (implicit)     3.719M i/100ms
Block (implicit guard)
                         3.997M i/100ms
    Block (explicit)   595.448k i/100ms
Block (explicit guard)
                       597.963k i/100ms
              Lambda     2.428M i/100ms
                Proc     2.563M i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
    Block (implicit)     59.804M (± 1.0%) i/s -    301.203M in   5.037053s
Block (implicit guard)
                         59.083M (± 1.2%) i/s -    295.765M in   5.006599s
    Block (explicit)      6.377M (± 6.6%) i/s -     32.154M in   5.065513s
Block (explicit guard)
                          6.365M (± 5.7%) i/s -     32.290M in   5.090170s
              Lambda     34.880M (± 1.2%) i/s -    174.833M in   5.013192s
                Proc     35.295M (± 1.9%) i/s -    176.865M in   5.012838s

Comparison:
    Block (implicit): 59803662.6 i/s
Block (implicit guard): 59083369.8 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
                Proc: 35294734.0 i/s - 1.69x  slower
              Lambda: 34879827.8 i/s - 1.71x  slower
    Block (explicit):  6377470.8 i/s - 9.38x  slower
Block (explicit guard):  6365264.1 i/s - 9.40x  slower

scripts/constants/lookup

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

CONSTANTS = Hash.new

module Constants
  1_000.times { |index| CONSTANTS["EXAMPLE_#{index}"] = const_set "EXAMPLE_#{index}", index }
end

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("#[]") { CONSTANTS["EXAMPLE_666"] }
  benchmark.report("Module.get (symbol)") { Constants.const_get :EXAMPLE_666 }
  benchmark.report("Module.get (string)") { Constants.const_get "EXAMPLE_666" }
  benchmark.report("Object.get") { Object.const_get "Constants::EXAMPLE_666" }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
                 #[]     3.380M i/100ms
 Module.get (symbol)     3.491M i/100ms
 Module.get (string)     1.706M i/100ms
          Object.get     1.068M i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
                 #[]     44.355M (± 0.2%) i/s -    223.075M in   5.029360s
 Module.get (symbol)     44.370M (± 0.1%) i/s -    223.435M in   5.035747s
 Module.get (string)     18.818M (± 0.5%) i/s -     95.510M in   5.075490s
          Object.get     11.076M (± 0.3%) i/s -     55.527M in   5.013445s

Comparison:
 Module.get (symbol): 44369850.1 i/s
                 #[]: 44354632.8 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
 Module.get (string): 18818346.2 i/s - 2.36x  slower
          Object.get: 11075724.0 i/s - 4.01x  slower

scripts/delegates

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

require "delegate"
require "forwardable"

module Echo
  def self.call(message) = message
end

class ForwardExample
  def initialize operation
    @operation = operation
  end

  def call(...) = operation.call(...)

  private

  attr_reader :operation
end

class DelegateExample
  extend Forwardable

  delegate %i[call] => :operation

  def initialize operation
    @operation = operation
  end

  private

  attr_reader :operation
end

class SimpleExample < SimpleDelegator
end

class ClassExample < DelegateClass Echo
end

message = "A test."
forward_example = ForwardExample.new Echo
deletate_example = DelegateExample.new Echo
simple_example = SimpleExample.new Echo
class_example = ClassExample.new Echo

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("Forward") { forward_example.call message }
  benchmark.report("Delegate") { deletate_example.call message }
  benchmark.report("Simple Delegator") { simple_example.call message }
  benchmark.report("Delegate Class") { class_example.call message }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
             Forward     1.132M i/100ms
            Delegate     1.017M i/100ms
    Simple Delegator   385.198k i/100ms
      Delegate Class   381.099k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
             Forward     13.380M (± 5.3%) i/s -     66.769M in   5.005398s
            Delegate     12.486M (± 3.0%) i/s -     63.053M in   5.054667s
    Simple Delegator      4.191M (± 7.0%) i/s -     21.186M in   5.077130s
      Delegate Class      4.174M (± 6.5%) i/s -     20.960M in   5.041277s

Comparison:
             Forward: 13380268.0 i/s
            Delegate: 12486453.4 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
    Simple Delegator:  4191347.1 i/s - 3.19x  slower
      Delegate Class:  4174068.4 i/s - 3.21x  slower

scripts/hashes/lookup

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

example = {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("#[]") { example[:b] }
  benchmark.report("#fetch") { example.fetch :b }
  benchmark.report("#fetch (default)") { example.fetch :b, "default" }
  benchmark.report("#fetch (block)") { example.fetch(:b) { "default" } }
  benchmark.report("#dig") { example.dig :b }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
                 #[]     4.035M i/100ms
              #fetch     3.642M i/100ms
    #fetch (default)     3.661M i/100ms
      #fetch (block)     3.639M i/100ms
                #dig     3.747M i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
                 #[]     53.886M (± 0.1%) i/s -    270.328M in   5.016651s
              #fetch     45.478M (± 0.1%) i/s -    229.440M in   5.045124s
    #fetch (default)     45.677M (± 0.4%) i/s -    230.660M in   5.049861s
      #fetch (block)     44.675M (± 0.2%) i/s -    225.636M in   5.050641s
                #dig     50.390M (± 0.5%) i/s -    254.823M in   5.057135s

Comparison:
                 #[]: 53886256.9 i/s
                #dig: 50390168.1 i/s - 1.07x  slower
    #fetch (default): 45677292.4 i/s - 1.18x  slower
              #fetch: 45477689.6 i/s - 1.18x  slower
      #fetch (block): 44674922.3 i/s - 1.21x  slower

scripts/hashes/merge

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

extra = {b: 2}

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("Splat") { {a: 1, **extra} }
  benchmark.report("Merge") { {a: 1}.merge extra }
  benchmark.report("Merge!") { {a: 1}.merge! extra }
  benchmark.report("Dup Merge!") { {a: 1}.dup.merge! extra }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
               Splat   977.474k i/100ms
               Merge   651.230k i/100ms
              Merge!   979.604k i/100ms
          Dup Merge!   525.213k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
               Splat     10.458M (± 7.0%) i/s -     52.784M in   5.072085s
               Merge      6.637M (± 2.2%) i/s -     33.213M in   5.006663s
              Merge!     10.624M (± 6.7%) i/s -     53.878M in   5.093783s
          Dup Merge!      5.400M (± 7.0%) i/s -     27.311M in   5.081979s

Comparison:
              Merge!: 10624192.6 i/s
               Splat: 10457715.9 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
               Merge:  6636870.8 i/s - 1.60x  slower
          Dup Merge!:  5399502.4 i/s - 1.97x  slower

scripts/hashes/reduce

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

numbers = {
  one: 1,
  two: 2,
  three: 3,
  four: 4,
  five: 5,
  six: 6,
  seven: 7,
  eight: 8,
  nine: 9,
  ten: 10
}

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report "Reduce" do
    numbers.reduce({}) { |collection, (key, value)| collection.merge! value => key }
  end

  benchmark.report "With Object" do
    numbers.each.with_object({}) { |(key, value), collection| collection[value] = key }
  end

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
              Reduce    46.696k i/100ms
         With Object    86.950k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
              Reduce    469.369k (± 7.1%) i/s -      2.381M in   5.099251s
         With Object    893.855k (± 0.5%) i/s -      4.521M in   5.058420s

Comparison:
         With Object:   893855.0 i/s
              Reduce:   469368.6 i/s - 1.90x  slower

scripts/loops

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

collection = (1..1_000).to_a
sum = 0

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report "for" do
    for number in collection do
      sum += number
    end
  end

  benchmark.report "#each" do
    collection.each { |number| sum += number }
  end

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
                 for     6.369k i/100ms
               #each     6.583k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
                 for     63.745k (± 0.1%) i/s -    324.819k in   5.095574s
               #each     65.617k (± 0.5%) i/s -    329.150k in   5.016325s

Comparison:
               #each:    65617.4 i/s
                 for:    63745.4 i/s - 1.03x  slower

scripts/methods/define_method

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

require "forwardable"

Person = Class.new do
  def initialize first, last
    @first = first
    @last = last
  end

  def full_name
    "#{first} #{last}"
  end

  private

  attr_reader :first, :last
end

Example = Class.new Person do
  extend Forwardable

  define_method :unbound_full_name, Person.instance_method(:full_name)
  delegate %i[full_name] => :person

  def initialize first, last, person: Person.new(first, last)
    super first, last
    @person = person
  end

  def wrapped_full_name
    person.full_name
  end

  private

  attr_reader :first, :last, :person
end

example = Example.new "Jill", "Doe"

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("Wrapped") { example.wrapped_full_name }
  benchmark.report("Defined") { example.unbound_full_name }
  benchmark.report("Delegated") { example.full_name }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
             Wrapped     1.128M i/100ms
             Defined     1.153M i/100ms
           Delegated   626.507k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
             Wrapped     12.039M (± 4.8%) i/s -     60.917M in   5.072433s
             Defined     12.270M (± 3.9%) i/s -     62.244M in   5.080966s
           Delegated      6.912M (± 6.2%) i/s -     34.458M in   5.005586s

Comparison:
             Defined: 12269954.3 i/s
             Wrapped: 12039424.1 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
           Delegated:  6912331.3 i/s - 1.78x  slower

scripts/methods/method_proc

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

Example = Class.new do
  def initialize words
    @words = words
    @first_word = words.first
  end

  def direct_single
    say first_word
  end

  def direct_multiple
    words.each { |word| say word }
  end

  def proc_single
    method(:say).call first_word
  end

  def proc_multiple
    words.each { |word| method(:say).call word }
  end

  def method_to_proc_single
    first_word.then(&method(:say))
  end

  def method_to_proc_multiple
    words.each(&method(:say))
  end

  private

  attr_reader :words, :first_word

  def say phrase
    "You said: #{phrase}."
  end
end

example = Example.new %w[one two three]

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("Direct (s)") { example.direct_single }
  benchmark.report("Direct (m)") { example.direct_multiple }
  benchmark.report("Proc (s)") { example.proc_single }
  benchmark.report("Proc (m)") { example.proc_multiple }
  benchmark.report("Method To Proc (s)") { example.method_to_proc_single }
  benchmark.report("Method To Proc (m)") { example.method_to_proc_multiple }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
          Direct (s)     1.154M i/100ms
          Direct (m)   391.284k i/100ms
            Proc (s)   547.383k i/100ms
            Proc (m)   167.519k i/100ms
  Method To Proc (s)   260.729k i/100ms
  Method To Proc (m)   176.733k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
          Direct (s)     12.832M (± 4.1%) i/s -     64.611M in   5.043941s
          Direct (m)      4.159M (± 4.2%) i/s -     21.129M in   5.088977s
            Proc (s)      6.454M (± 6.0%) i/s -     32.296M in   5.023367s
            Proc (m)      1.830M (± 3.9%) i/s -      9.214M in   5.043206s
  Method To Proc (s)      2.874M (± 3.4%) i/s -     14.601M in   5.086253s
  Method To Proc (m)      1.962M (± 3.3%) i/s -      9.897M in   5.048962s

Comparison:
          Direct (s): 12831929.9 i/s
            Proc (s):  6453824.9 i/s - 1.99x  slower
          Direct (m):  4158707.8 i/s - 3.09x  slower
  Method To Proc (s):  2874279.1 i/s - 4.46x  slower
  Method To Proc (m):  1962181.8 i/s - 6.54x  slower
            Proc (m):  1829728.8 i/s - 7.01x  slower

scripts/methods/send

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

module Static
  def self.call = rand > 0.5 ? one : two

  def self.one = 1

  def self.two = 2
end

module Dynamic
  def self.with_strings = public_send rand > 0.5 ? "one" : "two"

  def self.with_symbols = public_send rand > 0.5 ? :one : :two

  def self.one = 1

  def self.two = 2
end

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2
  max = 1_000_000

  benchmark.report("Static") { max.times { Static.call } }
  benchmark.report("Dynamic (strings)") { max.times { Dynamic.with_strings } }
  benchmark.report("Dynamic (symbols)") { max.times { Dynamic.with_symbols } }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
              Static     2.000 i/100ms
   Dynamic (strings)     1.000 i/100ms
   Dynamic (symbols)     1.000 i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
              Static     27.041 (± 0.0%) i/s -    136.000 in   5.029371s
   Dynamic (strings)     11.600 (± 0.0%) i/s -     59.000 in   5.086066s
   Dynamic (symbols)     15.589 (± 0.0%) i/s -     78.000 in   5.003651s

Comparison:
              Static:       27.0 i/s
   Dynamic (symbols):       15.6 i/s - 1.73x  slower
   Dynamic (strings):       11.6 i/s - 2.33x  slower

scripts/numerics

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "bigdecimal"
  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

require "bigdecimal"

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("Integer") { 1 + 0 }
  benchmark.report("Float") { 0.0001 + 0 }
  benchmark.report("Rational") { (1 / 1000r) + 0 }
  benchmark.report("BigDecimal") { BigDecimal("0.0001") + 0 }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
             Integer     4.945M i/100ms
               Float     3.898M i/100ms
            Rational   957.175k i/100ms
          BigDecimal   226.746k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
             Integer     75.084M (± 4.5%) i/s -    375.824M in   5.021257s
               Float     60.640M (± 0.6%) i/s -    304.039M in   5.013994s
            Rational     10.254M (± 0.6%) i/s -     51.687M in   5.040700s
          BigDecimal      2.332M (± 4.5%) i/s -     11.791M in   5.066520s

Comparison:
             Integer: 75083686.6 i/s
               Float: 60640359.1 i/s - 1.24x  slower
            Rational: 10254439.4 i/s - 7.32x  slower
          BigDecimal:  2332151.1 i/s - 32.20x  slower

scripts/refinements/import

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

module Import
  def dud = true
end

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report "With" do
    Module.new { refine(String) { import_methods Import } }
  end

  benchmark.report "Without" do
    Module.new { def dud = true }
  end

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
                With     1.438k i/100ms
             Without   365.822k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
                With     21.970k (±190.8%) i/s -     43.140k in   5.067653s
             Without      3.636M (± 7.1%) i/s -     18.291M in   5.054830s

Comparison:
             Without:  3635623.1 i/s
                With:    21969.9 i/s - 165.48x  slower

scripts/refinements/initialize

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

module Refines
  refine String do
    def dud = true
  end
end

class With
  using Refines

  def initialize value = "demo"
    @value = value
  end
end

class Without
  def initialize value = "demo"
    @value = value
  end
end

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("With") { With.new }
  benchmark.report("Without") { Without.new }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
                With     1.118M i/100ms
             Without     1.067M i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
                With     12.286M (± 5.5%) i/s -     61.467M in   5.019067s
             Without     11.971M (± 5.7%) i/s -     59.775M in   5.010076s

Comparison:
                With: 12285927.1 i/s
             Without: 11970917.9 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error

scripts/refinements/message

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

module Refines
  refine String do
    def dud = true
  end
end

module With
  using Refines

  def self.call(value) = value.dud
end

module Without
  def self.call(value) = value
end

value = "demo"

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("With") { With.call value }
  benchmark.report("Without") { Without.call value }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
                With     2.681M i/100ms
             Without     3.796M i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
                With     37.893M (± 1.2%) i/s -    190.353M in   5.024141s
             Without     59.787M (± 4.2%) i/s -    299.874M in   5.024598s

Comparison:
             Without: 59786895.6 i/s
                With: 37893449.5 i/s - 1.58x  slower

scripts/refinements/refine

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report "With" do
    Module.new do
      refine String do
        def dud = true
      end
    end
  end

  benchmark.report "Without" do
    Module.new do
      def dud = true
    end
  end

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
                With     1.497k i/100ms
             Without   337.437k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
                With     21.225k (±192.4%) i/s -     35.928k in   5.093624s
             Without      3.284M (± 8.5%) i/s -     16.534M in   5.067713s

Comparison:
             Without:  3284418.0 i/s
                With:    21224.8 i/s - 154.74x  slower

scripts/strings/concatenation

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

one = "One"
two = "Two"
three = "Three"
four = "Four"
five = "Five"
six = "Six"
seven = "Seven"
eight = "Eight"
nine = "Nine"
ten = "Ten"

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report "Implicit (<)" do
    "One" "Two"
  end

  benchmark.report "Implicit (>)" do
    "One" "Two" "Three" "Four" "Five" "Six" "Seven" "Eight" "Nine" "Ten"
  end

  benchmark.report "Interpolation (<)" do
    "#{one} #{two}"
  end

  benchmark.report "Interpolation (>)" do
    "#{one} #{two} #{three} #{four} #{five} #{six} #{seven} #{eight} #{nine} #{ten}"
  end

  benchmark.report "#+ (<)" do
    one + " " + two
  end

  benchmark.report "#+ (>)" do
    one + " " + two + " " + three + " " + four + " " + five + " " + six + " " + seven + " " +
    eight + " " + nine + " " + ten
  end

  # WARNING: Mutation.
  benchmark.report "#concat (<)" do
    one.dup.concat two
  end

  # WARNING: Mutation.
  benchmark.report "#concat (>)" do
    one.dup.concat two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
  end

  # WARNING: Mutation.
  benchmark.report "#<< (<)" do
    one.dup << two
  end

  # WARNING: Mutation.
  benchmark.report "#<< (>)" do
    one.dup << two << three << four << five << six << seven << eight << nine << ten
  end

  benchmark.report "Array#join (<)" do
    [one, two].join " "
  end

  benchmark.report "Array#join (>)" do
    [one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten].join " "
  end

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
        Implicit (<)     4.372M i/100ms
        Implicit (>)     4.448M i/100ms
   Interpolation (<)     1.208M i/100ms
   Interpolation (>)   367.925k i/100ms
              #+ (<)   823.216k i/100ms
              #+ (>)    80.833k i/100ms
         #concat (<)     1.369M i/100ms
         #concat (>)   291.617k i/100ms
             #<< (<)     1.479M i/100ms
             #<< (>)   459.494k i/100ms
      Array#join (<)   722.879k i/100ms
      Array#join (>)   307.222k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
        Implicit (<)     75.685M (± 1.7%) i/s -    380.338M in   5.026812s
        Implicit (>)     75.105M (± 1.8%) i/s -    378.120M in   5.036297s
   Interpolation (<)     12.722M (± 5.7%) i/s -     64.005M in   5.047960s
   Interpolation (>)      3.868M (± 5.9%) i/s -     19.500M in   5.057509s
              #+ (<)      8.701M (± 7.1%) i/s -     43.630M in   5.038462s
              #+ (>)    837.724k (± 7.7%) i/s -      4.203M in   5.048670s
         #concat (<)     14.496M (± 8.5%) i/s -     72.583M in   5.045357s
         #concat (>)      2.959M (± 8.8%) i/s -     14.872M in   5.063294s
             #<< (<)     15.944M (± 8.0%) i/s -     79.888M in   5.043131s
             #<< (>)      4.739M (± 9.0%) i/s -     23.894M in   5.082877s
      Array#join (<)      7.392M (± 7.9%) i/s -     36.867M in   5.018258s
      Array#join (>)      3.275M (± 7.8%) i/s -     16.283M in   5.000238s

Comparison:
        Implicit (<): 75684765.3 i/s
        Implicit (>): 75104861.7 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
             #<< (<): 15944068.0 i/s - 4.75x  slower
         #concat (<): 14496048.1 i/s - 5.22x  slower
   Interpolation (<): 12722385.9 i/s - 5.95x  slower
              #+ (<):  8700892.4 i/s - 8.70x  slower
      Array#join (<):  7392065.5 i/s - 10.24x  slower
             #<< (>):  4738942.8 i/s - 15.97x  slower
   Interpolation (>):  3867990.4 i/s - 19.57x  slower
      Array#join (>):  3274997.2 i/s - 23.11x  slower
         #concat (>):  2959275.8 i/s - 25.58x  slower
              #+ (>):   837724.4 i/s - 90.35x  slower

scripts/strings/matching

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

require "securerandom"

word = SecureRandom.alphanumeric 100
string_matcher = "a"
regex_matcher = /\Aa/

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("#match?") { word.match? regex_matcher }
  benchmark.report("#=~") { word =~ regex_matcher }
  benchmark.report("#start_with? (String)") { word.start_with? string_matcher }
  benchmark.report("#start_with? (Regex)") { word.start_with? regex_matcher }
  benchmark.report("#end_with?") { word.end_with? string_matcher }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
             #match?     2.422M i/100ms
                 #=~   742.580k i/100ms
#start_with? (String)
                         2.965M i/100ms
#start_with? (Regex)   679.369k i/100ms
          #end_with?     3.069M i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
             #match?     28.797M (± 5.0%) i/s -    145.346M in   5.060238s
                 #=~      7.620M (± 9.1%) i/s -     37.872M in   5.008839s
#start_with? (String)
                         34.312M (± 5.0%) i/s -    171.982M in   5.024675s
#start_with? (Regex)      7.464M (± 7.4%) i/s -     37.365M in   5.034025s
          #end_with?     37.141M (± 0.5%) i/s -    187.219M in   5.040811s

Comparison:
          #end_with?: 37141486.2 i/s
#start_with? (String): 34312493.3 i/s - 1.08x  slower
             #match?: 28797216.7 i/s - 1.29x  slower
                 #=~:  7620209.0 i/s - 4.87x  slower
#start_with? (Regex):  7463669.2 i/s - 4.98x  slower

scripts/strings/split

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

require "securerandom"

words = Array.new(100_000) { SecureRandom.alphanumeric 10 }
delimiter = " "
text = words.join delimiter
pattern = /\Aa/

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report "Without Block" do
    text.split(delimiter).grep(pattern)
  end

  benchmark.report "With Block" do
    selections = []
    text.split(delimiter) { |word| selections << word if word.match? pattern }
  end

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
       Without Block    13.000 i/100ms
          With Block    13.000 i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
       Without Block    136.799 (± 2.2%) i/s -    689.000 in   5.039420s
          With Block    134.538 (± 2.2%) i/s -    676.000 in   5.026808s

Comparison:
       Without Block:      136.8 i/s
          With Block:      134.5 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error

scripts/strings/substrings

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

example = "example"

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("#sub (string)") { example.sub "x", "b" }
  benchmark.report("#sub (regex)") { example.sub(/x/, "b") }
  benchmark.report("#gsub (string)") { example.gsub "x", "b" }
  benchmark.report("#gsub (regex)") { example.gsub(/x/, "b") }
  benchmark.report("#tr") { example.tr "x", "b" }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
       #sub (string)   484.505k i/100ms
        #sub (regex)   344.692k i/100ms
      #gsub (string)   414.555k i/100ms
       #gsub (regex)   170.417k i/100ms
                 #tr     1.007M i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
       #sub (string)      5.449M (± 3.0%) i/s -     27.617M in   5.073218s
        #sub (regex)      4.021M (± 6.1%) i/s -     20.337M in   5.074883s
      #gsub (string)      4.463M (± 3.4%) i/s -     22.386M in   5.021307s
       #gsub (regex)      1.710M (± 8.6%) i/s -      8.521M in   5.018878s
                 #tr     10.693M (± 2.8%) i/s -     54.352M in   5.087263s

Comparison:
                 #tr: 10692642.6 i/s
       #sub (string):  5448640.0 i/s - 1.96x  slower
      #gsub (string):  4463049.2 i/s - 2.40x  slower
        #sub (regex):  4020798.1 i/s - 2.66x  slower
       #gsub (regex):  1710379.3 i/s - 6.25x  slower

scripts/thens

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report "standard" do
    one, two = "one two".split
    "#{one} + #{two} = #{one + two}"
  end

  benchmark.report "then" do
    "one two".split.then { |one, two| "#{one} + #{two} = #{one + two}" }
  end

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
            standard   361.533k i/100ms
                then   340.568k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
            standard      3.566M (± 7.3%) i/s -     18.077M in   5.096489s
                then      3.366M (± 7.6%) i/s -     17.028M in   5.088830s

Comparison:
            standard:  3566064.8 i/s
                then:  3365922.3 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error

scripts/values/inheritance

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

PlotStruct = Struct.new :x, :y

class PlotSubclass < Struct.new :x, :y
end

struct = -> { PlotStruct[x: 1, y: 2] }
subclass = -> { PlotSubclass[x: 1, y: 2] }

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("Struct") { struct.call }
  benchmark.report("Subclass") { subclass.call }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
              Struct   446.439k i/100ms
            Subclass   438.472k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
              Struct      4.925M (± 7.6%) i/s -     24.554M in   5.013174s
            Subclass      4.736M (± 7.8%) i/s -     23.677M in   5.027862s

Comparison:
              Struct:  4924540.0 i/s
            Subclass:  4736109.1 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error

scripts/values/initialization

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
  gem "dry-struct"
end

Warning[:performance] = false

require "ostruct"

DataDefault = Data.define :a, :b, :c, :d, :e

DataCustom = Data.define :a, :b, :c, :d, :e do
  def initialize a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5
    super
  end
end

StructDefault = Struct.new :a, :b, :c, :d, :e

StructCustom = Struct.new :a, :b, :c, :d, :e do
  def initialize a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5
    super
  end
end

module Types
  include Dry.Types
end

DryExample = Class.new Dry::Struct do
  attribute :a, Types::Strict::Integer
  attribute :b, Types::Strict::Integer
  attribute :c, Types::Strict::Integer
  attribute :d, Types::Strict::Integer
  attribute :e, Types::Strict::Integer
end

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("Data (positional)") { DataDefault[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] }
  benchmark.report("Data (keyword)") { DataDefault[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5] }
  benchmark.report("Data (custom)") { DataCustom.new }
  benchmark.report("Struct (positional)") { StructDefault[1, 2, 3, 4, 5] }
  benchmark.report("Struct (keyword)") { StructDefault[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5] }
  benchmark.report("Struct (custom)") { StructCustom.new }
  benchmark.report("OpenStruct") { OpenStruct.new a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5 }
  benchmark.report("Dry Struct") { DryExample[a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5] }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
   Data (positional)   304.848k i/100ms
      Data (keyword)   317.019k i/100ms
       Data (custom)   224.669k i/100ms
 Struct (positional)   722.167k i/100ms
    Struct (keyword)   302.062k i/100ms
     Struct (custom)   292.850k i/100ms
          OpenStruct   743.000 i/100ms
          Dry Struct   111.304k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
   Data (positional)      3.120M (± 9.7%) i/s -     15.547M in   5.025792s
      Data (keyword)      3.191M (± 9.7%) i/s -     15.851M in   5.008582s
       Data (custom)      2.226M (± 3.6%) i/s -     11.233M in   5.054091s
 Struct (positional)      6.869M (±10.4%) i/s -     34.664M in   5.098769s
    Struct (keyword)      3.059M (± 9.6%) i/s -     15.405M in   5.077727s
     Struct (custom)      2.945M (±11.4%) i/s -     14.642M in   5.031281s
          OpenStruct      1.856k (±24.0%) i/s -      9.659k in   5.485483s
          Dry Struct      1.123M (±11.8%) i/s -      5.565M in   5.029750s

Comparison:
 Struct (positional):  6868838.9 i/s
      Data (keyword):  3191343.7 i/s - 2.15x  slower
   Data (positional):  3120155.8 i/s - 2.20x  slower
    Struct (keyword):  3059412.6 i/s - 2.25x  slower
     Struct (custom):  2945238.4 i/s - 2.33x  slower
       Data (custom):  2225751.7 i/s - 3.09x  slower
          Dry Struct:  1123063.3 i/s - 6.12x  slower
          OpenStruct:     1855.9 i/s - 3701.01x  slower

ℹ️ `Data` is fastest when members are small (like three or less) but performance degrades when more members are added (like five or more). This is because `Data` always initializes with a `Hash` which is not the case with a `Struct`. Additionally, passing keyword arguments to/from Ruby to Ruby is optimized while to/from Ruby/C is not.

scripts/values/reading

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
  gem "dry-struct"
end

require "ostruct"

DataExample = Data.define :to, :from
StructExample = Struct.new :to, :from

module Types
  include Dry.Types
end

DryExample = Class.new Dry::Struct do
  attribute :to, Types::Strict::String
  attribute :from, Types::Strict::String
end

data = DataExample[to: "Rick", from: "Morty"]
struct = StructExample[to: "Rick", from: "Morty"]
open_struct = OpenStruct.new to: "Rick", from: "Morty"
dry_struct = DryExample[to: "Rick", from: "Morty"]

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("Data") { data.to }
  benchmark.report("Struct") { struct.to }
  benchmark.report("OpenStruct") { open_struct.to }
  benchmark.report("Dry Struct") { dry_struct.to }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
                Data     4.313M i/100ms
              Struct     3.960M i/100ms
          OpenStruct     3.419M i/100ms
          Dry Struct     3.646M i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
                Data     72.832M (± 0.1%) i/s -    366.637M in   5.034027s
              Struct     68.730M (± 0.4%) i/s -    344.554M in   5.013242s
          OpenStruct     49.555M (± 0.1%) i/s -    249.580M in   5.036400s
          Dry Struct     49.635M (± 0.1%) i/s -    251.578M in   5.068604s

Comparison:
                Data: 72831756.3 i/s
              Struct: 68729971.7 i/s - 1.06x  slower
          Dry Struct: 49634683.0 i/s - 1.47x  slower
          OpenStruct: 49555343.3 i/s - 1.47x  slower

scripts/values/writing

Source

#! /usr/bin/env ruby
# frozen_string_literal: true

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile true do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  gem "benchmark-ips"
end

require "ostruct"

DataExample = Data.define :to, :from
StructExample = Struct.new :to, :from

data = DataExample[to: "Rick", from: "Morty"]
struct = StructExample[to: "Rick", from: "Morty"]
open_struct = OpenStruct.new to: "Rick", from: "Morty"

Benchmark.ips do |benchmark|
  benchmark.config time: 5, warmup: 2

  benchmark.report("Data") { data.with from: "Summer" }
  benchmark.report("Struct") { struct.from = "Summer" }
  benchmark.report("OpenStruct") { open_struct.from = "Summer" }

  benchmark.compare!
end

Benchmark

ruby 3.3.0 (2023-12-25 revision 5124f9ac75) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23.4.0]
Warming up --------------------------------------
                Data   265.287k i/100ms
              Struct     4.274M i/100ms
          OpenStruct     2.870M i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
                Data      2.721M (± 8.0%) i/s -     13.530M in   5.002940s
              Struct     55.482M (± 1.5%) i/s -    277.793M in   5.008024s
          OpenStruct     34.810M (± 0.2%) i/s -    175.090M in   5.029864s

Comparison:
              Struct: 55482353.9 i/s
          OpenStruct: 34810159.3 i/s - 1.59x  slower
                Data:  2721426.3 i/s - 20.39x  slower

Development

To contribute, run:

git clone https://github.com/bkuhlmann/benchmarks.git
cd benchmarks
bin/setup

To render documentation for all benchmark scripts, run:

bin/render

This is the same script used to update the documentation within this README.

Tests

To test, run:

bin/rake

Credits

Built with Rubysmith.
Engineered by Brooke Kuhlmann.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 333 Commits
.circleci		.circleci
.config/rubocop		.config/rubocop
.github		.github
bin		bin
scripts		scripts
spec		spec
.gitignore		.gitignore
.reek.yml		.reek.yml
.ruby-version		.ruby-version
CITATION.cff		CITATION.cff
Gemfile		Gemfile
Guardfile		Guardfile
LICENSE.adoc		LICENSE.adoc
README.adoc		README.adoc
Rakefile		Rakefile
VERSIONS.adoc		VERSIONS.adoc

License

bkuhlmann/benchmarks

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Benchmarks

Features

Requirements

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scripts/arrays/concatenation

scripts/arrays/search

scripts/closures

scripts/constants/lookup

scripts/delegates

scripts/hashes/lookup

scripts/hashes/merge

scripts/hashes/reduce

scripts/loops

scripts/methods/define_method

scripts/methods/method_proc

scripts/methods/send

scripts/numerics

scripts/refinements/import

scripts/refinements/initialize

scripts/refinements/message

scripts/refinements/refine

scripts/strings/concatenation

scripts/strings/matching

scripts/strings/split

scripts/strings/substrings

scripts/thens

scripts/values/inheritance

scripts/values/initialization

scripts/values/reading

scripts/values/writing

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