hdf5: bump dependencies + modernize

[SpaceIm]

• relocatable shared lib on macOS: see [conan-center] Add a hook to check whether installed shared libs are relocatable on Linux & macOS hooks#376
• bump dependencies
• CMakeDeps support (you can compare with https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/module/FindHDF5.html)
• cache CMake configuration with functools.lru_cache
• fine-grained export of patches

closes #10550

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• I've read the guidelines for contributing.
• I've followed the PEP8 style guides for Python code in the recipes.
• I've used the latest Conan client version.
• I've tried at least one configuration locally with the conan-center hook activated.

[ghost]

I detected other pull requests that are modifying hdf5/all recipe:

• [hdf5] Bump dependencies and add missing versions #10179

This message is automatically generated by https://github.com/ericLemanissier/conan-center-conflicting-prs so don't hesitate to report issues/improvements there.

[conan-center-bot]

All green in build 5 (eb9803e582a5f7a9a405afd0f561bf4588d23030):

• hdf5/1.12.1@:
  All packages built successfully! (All logs)

• hdf5/1.8.21@:
  All packages built successfully! (All logs)

• hdf5/1.12.0@:
  All packages built successfully! (All logs)

• hdf5/1.10.6@:
  All packages built successfully! (All logs)

• hdf5/1.10.5@:
  All packages built successfully! (All logs)

[uilianries]

LGTM

[tbeu]

hdf5 v1.12.2 was released ad could be added here as well.