geos: add v3.12.1, simplify patching

[valgur]

No description provided.

[RubenRBS]

Thanks! Question about the new patch method, otherwise looks good!

[conan-center-bot]

Conan v1 pipeline ❌

Failure in build 4 (cc85661f72b45b26939d2f7ea57e52865cd9b0b6):

• geos/3.12.1:
  Didn't run or was cancelled before finishing

• geos/3.12.0:
  Didn't run or was cancelled before finishing

• geos/3.10.3:
  CI failed to create some packages (All logs)

  Logs for packageID 28068a957507b0f2c3f6d7f0be7610032d54737d:

  [settings]
  arch=x86_64
  build_type=Debug
  compiler=gcc
  compiler.libcxx=libstdc++11
  compiler.version=9
  os=Linux
  [options]
  geos:shared=False
  

  [...]
  Or edit '/home/conan/w/prod-v1/bsr/84755/bcbaa/.conan/profiles/default' and set compiler.libcxx=libstdc++11
  
  ************************************************************************************
  
  
  
  Default settings
  	os=Linux
  	os_build=Linux
  	arch=x86_64
  	arch_build=x86_64
  	compiler=gcc
  	compiler.version=9
  	compiler.libcxx=libstdc++
  	build_type=Release
  *** You can change them in /home/conan/w/prod-v1/bsr/84755/bcbaa/.conan/profiles/default ***
  *** Or override with -s compiler='other' -s ...s***
  
  
  Configuration:
  [settings]
  arch=x86_64
  build_type=Debug
  compiler=gcc
  compiler.libcxx=libstdc++11
  compiler.version=9
  os=Linux
  [options]
  geos:shared=False
  [build_requires]
  [env]
  [conf]
  tools.system.package_manager:mode=install
  tools.system.package_manager:sudo=True
  
  geos/3.10.3: Forced build from source
  Installing package: geos/3.10.3
  Requirements
      geos/3.10.3 from local cache - Cache
  Packages
      geos/3.10.3:28068a957507b0f2c3f6d7f0be7610032d54737d - Build
  
  Installing (downloading, building) binaries...
  [HOOK - conan-center.py] pre_source(): [IMMUTABLE SOURCES (KB-H010)] OK
  geos/3.10.3: Configuring sources in /home/conan/w/prod-v1/bsr/84755/bcbaa/.conan/data/geos/3.10.3/_/_/source/src
  geos/3.10.3: Waiting 5 seconds to retry...
  geos/3.10.3: ERROR: Error downloading file https://download.osgeo.org/geos/geos-3.10.3.tar.bz2: 'HTTPSConnectionPool(host='download.osgeo.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /geos/geos-3.10.3.tar.bz2 (Caused by ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', OSError(0, 'Error')))'
  ERROR: geos/3.10.3: Error in source() method, line 77
  	get(self, **self.conan_data["sources"][self.version], strip_root=True)
  	ConanException: Error downloading file https://download.osgeo.org/geos/geos-3.10.3.tar.bz2: 'HTTPSConnectionPool(host='download.osgeo.org', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /geos/geos-3.10.3.tar.bz2 (Caused by ProtocolError('Connection aborted.', OSError(0, 'Error')))'
  

• geos/3.11.2:
  Didn't run or was cancelled before finishing

• geos/3.11.1:
  Didn't run or was cancelled before finishing

• geos/3.11.0:
  Didn't run or was cancelled before finishing

• geos/3.10.2:
  Didn't run or was cancelled before finishing

---

^{Note: To save resources, CI tries to finish as soon as an error is found. For this reason you might find that not all the references have been launched or not all the configurations for a given reference. Also, take into account that we cannot guarantee the order of execution as it depends on CI workload and workers availability.}