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dmangle.d
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dmangle.d
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/**
* Compiler implementation of the $(LINK2 http://www.dlang.org, D programming language)
*
* Copyright: Copyright (c) 1999-2017 by Digital Mars, All Rights Reserved
* Authors: Walter Bright, http://www.digitalmars.com
* License: $(LINK2 http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt, Boost License 1.0)
* Source: $(LINK2 https://github.com/dlang/dmd/blob/master/src/ddmd/dmangle.d, _dmangle.d)
*/
module ddmd.dmangle;
// Online documentation: https://dlang.org/phobos/ddmd_dmangle.html
import core.stdc.ctype;
import core.stdc.stdio;
import core.stdc.string;
import ddmd.aggregate;
import ddmd.arraytypes;
import ddmd.cppmangle;
import ddmd.dclass;
import ddmd.declaration;
import ddmd.dmodule;
import ddmd.dsymbol;
import ddmd.dtemplate;
import ddmd.expression;
import ddmd.func;
import ddmd.globals;
import ddmd.id;
import ddmd.identifier;
import ddmd.mtype;
import ddmd.root.ctfloat;
import ddmd.root.outbuffer;
import ddmd.root.aav;
import ddmd.target;
import ddmd.tokens;
import ddmd.utf;
import ddmd.visitor;
private immutable char[TMAX] mangleChar =
[
Tchar : 'a',
Tbool : 'b',
Tcomplex80 : 'c',
Tfloat64 : 'd',
Tfloat80 : 'e',
Tfloat32 : 'f',
Tint8 : 'g',
Tuns8 : 'h',
Tint32 : 'i',
Timaginary80 : 'j',
Tuns32 : 'k',
Tint64 : 'l',
Tuns64 : 'm',
Tnone : 'n',
Tnull : 'n', // yes, same as TypeNone
Timaginary32 : 'o',
Timaginary64 : 'p',
Tcomplex32 : 'q',
Tcomplex64 : 'r',
Tint16 : 's',
Tuns16 : 't',
Twchar : 'u',
Tvoid : 'v',
Tdchar : 'w',
// x // const
// y // immutable
Tint128 : 'z', // zi
Tuns128 : 'z', // zk
Tarray : 'A',
Ttuple : 'B',
Tclass : 'C',
Tdelegate : 'D',
Tenum : 'E',
Tfunction : 'F', // D function
Tsarray : 'G',
Taarray : 'H',
Tident : 'I',
// J // out
// K // ref
// L // lazy
// M // has this, or scope
// N // Nh:vector Ng:wild
// O // shared
Tpointer : 'P',
// Q // Type/symbol/identifier backward reference
Treference : 'R',
Tstruct : 'S',
// T // Ttypedef
// U // C function
// V // Pascal function
// W // Windows function
// X // variadic T t...)
// Y // variadic T t,...)
// Z // not variadic, end of parameters
// '@' shouldn't appear anywhere in the deco'd names
Tinstance : '@',
Terror : '@',
Ttypeof : '@',
Tslice : '@',
Treturn : '@',
Tvector : '@',
];
unittest
{
foreach (i, mangle; mangleChar)
{
if (mangle == char.init)
{
fprintf(stderr, "ty = %u\n", cast(uint)i);
assert(0);
}
}
}
/***********************
* Mangle basic type ty to buf.
*/
private void tyToDecoBuffer(OutBuffer* buf, int ty)
{
const c = mangleChar[ty];
buf.writeByte(c);
if (c == 'z')
buf.writeByte(ty == Tint128 ? 'i' : 'k');
}
/*********************************
* Mangling for mod.
*/
private void MODtoDecoBuffer(OutBuffer* buf, MOD mod)
{
switch (mod)
{
case 0:
break;
case MODconst:
buf.writeByte('x');
break;
case MODimmutable:
buf.writeByte('y');
break;
case MODshared:
buf.writeByte('O');
break;
case MODshared | MODconst:
buf.writestring("Ox");
break;
case MODwild:
buf.writestring("Ng");
break;
case MODwildconst:
buf.writestring("Ngx");
break;
case MODshared | MODwild:
buf.writestring("ONg");
break;
case MODshared | MODwildconst:
buf.writestring("ONgx");
break;
default:
assert(0);
}
}
extern (C++) final class Mangler : Visitor
{
alias visit = super.visit;
public:
static assert(Key.sizeof == size_t.sizeof);
AA* types;
AA* idents;
OutBuffer* buf;
extern (D) this(OutBuffer* buf)
{
this.buf = buf;
}
/**
* writes a back reference with the relative position encoded with base 26
* using upper case letters for all digits but the last digit which uses
* a lower case letter.
* The decoder has to look up the referenced position to determine
* whether the back reference is an identifer (starts with a digit)
* or a type (starts with a letter).
*
* Params:
* pos = relative position to encode
*/
final void writeBackRef(size_t pos)
{
buf.writeByte('Q');
enum base = 26;
size_t mul = 1;
while (pos >= mul * base)
mul *= base;
while (mul >= base)
{
auto dig = cast(ubyte)(pos / mul);
buf.writeByte('A' + dig);
pos -= dig * mul;
mul /= base;
}
buf.writeByte('a' + cast(ubyte)pos);
}
/**
* Back references a non-basic type
*
* The encoded mangling is
* 'Q' <relative position of first occurrence of type>
*
* Params:
* t = the type to encode via back referencing
*
* Returns:
* true if the type was found. A back reference has been encoded.
* false if the type was not found. The current position is saved for later back references.
*/
final bool backrefType(Type t)
{
if (!t.isTypeBasic())
{
auto p = cast(size_t*)dmd_aaGet(&types, cast(Key)t);
if (*p)
{
writeBackRef(buf.offset - *p);
return true;
}
*p = buf.offset;
}
return false;
}
/**
* Back references a single identifier
*
* The encoded mangling is
* 'Q' <relative position of first occurrence of type>
*
* Params:
* id = the identifier to encode via back referencing
*
* Returns:
* true if the identifier was found. A back reference has been encoded.
* false if the identifier was not found. The current position is saved for later back references.
*/
final bool backrefIdentifier(Identifier id)
{
auto p = cast(size_t*)dmd_aaGet(&idents, cast(Key)id);
if (*p)
{
writeBackRef(buf.offset - *p);
return true;
}
*p = buf.offset;
return false;
}
final void mangleSymbol(Dsymbol s)
{
s.accept(this);
}
final void mangleType(Type t)
{
if (!backrefType(t))
t.accept(this);
}
final void mangleIdentifier(Identifier id, Dsymbol s)
{
if (!backrefIdentifier(id))
toBuffer(id.toChars(), s);
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/**************************************************
* Type mangling
*/
void visitWithMask(Type t, ubyte modMask)
{
if (modMask != t.mod)
{
MODtoDecoBuffer(buf, t.mod);
}
mangleType(t);
}
override void visit(Type t)
{
tyToDecoBuffer(buf, t.ty);
}
override void visit(TypeNext t)
{
visit(cast(Type)t);
visitWithMask(t.next, t.mod);
}
override void visit(TypeVector t)
{
buf.writestring("Nh");
visitWithMask(t.basetype, t.mod);
}
override void visit(TypeSArray t)
{
visit(cast(Type)t);
if (t.dim)
buf.printf("%u", cast(uint)t.dim.toInteger());
if (t.next)
visitWithMask(t.next, t.mod);
}
override void visit(TypeDArray t)
{
visit(cast(Type)t);
if (t.next)
visitWithMask(t.next, t.mod);
}
override void visit(TypeAArray t)
{
visit(cast(Type)t);
visitWithMask(t.index, 0);
visitWithMask(t.next, t.mod);
}
override void visit(TypeFunction t)
{
//printf("TypeFunction.toDecoBuffer() t = %p %s\n", t, t.toChars());
//static int nest; if (++nest == 50) *(char*)0=0;
mangleFuncType(t, t, t.mod, t.next);
}
void mangleFuncType(TypeFunction t, TypeFunction ta, ubyte modMask, Type tret)
{
//printf("mangleFuncType() %s\n", t.toChars());
if (t.inuse && tret)
{
// printf("TypeFunction.mangleFuncType() t = %s inuse\n", t.toChars());
t.inuse = 2; // flag error to caller
return;
}
t.inuse++;
if (modMask != t.mod)
MODtoDecoBuffer(buf, t.mod);
ubyte mc;
switch (t.linkage)
{
case LINKd:
mc = 'F';
break;
case LINKc:
mc = 'U';
break;
case LINKwindows:
mc = 'W';
break;
case LINKpascal:
mc = 'V';
break;
case LINKcpp:
mc = 'R';
break;
case LINKobjc:
mc = 'Y';
break;
default:
assert(0);
}
buf.writeByte(mc);
if (ta.purity || ta.isnothrow || ta.isnogc || ta.isproperty || ta.isref || ta.trust || ta.isreturn || ta.isscope)
{
if (ta.purity)
buf.writestring("Na");
if (ta.isnothrow)
buf.writestring("Nb");
if (ta.isref)
buf.writestring("Nc");
if (ta.isproperty)
buf.writestring("Nd");
if (ta.isnogc)
buf.writestring("Ni");
if (ta.isreturn)
buf.writestring("Nj");
if (ta.isscope && !ta.isreturn && !ta.isscopeinferred)
buf.writestring("Nl");
switch (ta.trust)
{
case TRUSTtrusted:
buf.writestring("Ne");
break;
case TRUSTsafe:
buf.writestring("Nf");
break;
default:
break;
}
}
// Write argument types
paramsToDecoBuffer(t.parameters);
//if (buf.data[buf.offset - 1] == '@') assert(0);
buf.writeByte('Z' - t.varargs); // mark end of arg list
if (tret !is null)
visitWithMask(tret, 0);
t.inuse--;
}
override void visit(TypeIdentifier t)
{
visit(cast(Type)t);
const(char)* name = t.ident.toChars();
size_t len = strlen(name);
buf.printf("%u%s", cast(uint)len, name);
}
override void visit(TypeEnum t)
{
visit(cast(Type)t);
mangleSymbol(t.sym);
}
override void visit(TypeStruct t)
{
//printf("TypeStruct.toDecoBuffer('%s') = '%s'\n", t.toChars(), name);
visit(cast(Type)t);
mangleSymbol(t.sym);
}
override void visit(TypeClass t)
{
//printf("TypeClass.toDecoBuffer('%s' mod=%x) = '%s'\n", t.toChars(), mod, name);
visit(cast(Type)t);
mangleSymbol(t.sym);
}
override void visit(TypeTuple t)
{
//printf("TypeTuple.toDecoBuffer() t = %p, %s\n", t, t.toChars());
visit(cast(Type)t);
paramsToDecoBuffer(t.arguments);
buf.writeByte('Z');
}
override void visit(TypeNull t)
{
visit(cast(Type)t);
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void mangleDecl(Declaration sthis)
{
mangleParent(sthis);
assert(sthis.ident);
mangleIdentifier(sthis.ident, sthis);
if (FuncDeclaration fd = sthis.isFuncDeclaration())
{
mangleFunc(fd, false);
}
else if (sthis.type)
{
visitWithMask(sthis.type, 0);
}
else
assert(0);
}
void mangleParent(Dsymbol s)
{
Dsymbol p;
if (TemplateInstance ti = s.isTemplateInstance())
p = ti.isTemplateMixin() ? ti.parent : ti.tempdecl.parent;
else
p = s.parent;
if (p)
{
mangleParent(p);
auto ti = p.isTemplateInstance();
if (ti && !ti.isTemplateMixin())
{
mangleTemplateInstance(ti);
}
else if (p.getIdent())
{
mangleIdentifier(p.ident, s);
if (FuncDeclaration f = p.isFuncDeclaration())
mangleFunc(f, true);
}
else
buf.writeByte('0');
}
}
void mangleFunc(FuncDeclaration fd, bool inParent)
{
//printf("deco = '%s'\n", fd.type.deco ? fd.type.deco : "null");
//printf("fd.type = %s\n", fd.type.toChars());
if (fd.needThis() || fd.isNested())
buf.writeByte('M');
if (!fd.type || fd.type.ty == Terror)
{
// never should have gotten here, but could be the result of
// failed speculative compilation
buf.writestring("9__error__FZ");
//printf("[%s] %s no type\n", fd.loc.toChars(), fd.toChars());
//assert(0); // don't mangle function until semantic3 done.
}
else if (inParent)
{
TypeFunction tf = cast(TypeFunction)fd.type;
TypeFunction tfo = cast(TypeFunction)fd.originalType;
mangleFuncType(tf, tfo, 0, null);
}
else
{
visitWithMask(fd.type, 0);
}
}
/************************************************************
* Write length prefixed string to buf.
*/
void toBuffer(const(char)* id, Dsymbol s)
{
size_t len = strlen(id);
if (buf.offset + len >= 8 * 1024 * 1024) // 8 megs ought be enough for anyone
s.error("excessive length %llu for symbol, possible recursive expansion?", buf.offset + len);
else
{
buf.printf("%u", cast(uint)len);
buf.write(id, len);
}
}
static const(char)* externallyMangledIdentifier(Declaration d)
{
if (!d.parent || d.parent.isModule() || d.linkage == LINKcpp) // if at global scope
{
switch (d.linkage)
{
case LINKd:
break;
case LINKc:
case LINKwindows:
case LINKpascal:
case LINKobjc:
return d.ident.toChars();
case LINKcpp:
return Target.toCppMangle(d);
case LINKdefault:
d.error("forward declaration");
return d.ident.toChars();
default:
fprintf(stderr, "'%s', linkage = %d\n", d.toChars(), d.linkage);
assert(0);
}
}
return null;
}
override void visit(Declaration d)
{
//printf("Declaration.mangle(this = %p, '%s', parent = '%s', linkage = %d)\n",
// d, d.toChars(), d.parent ? d.parent.toChars() : "null", d.linkage);
if (auto id = externallyMangledIdentifier(d))
{
buf.writestring(id);
return;
}
buf.writestring("_D");
mangleDecl(d);
debug
{
const slice = buf.peekSlice();
assert(slice.length);
foreach (const char c; slice)
{
assert(c == '_' || c == '@' || c == '?' || c == '$' || isalnum(c) || c & 0x80);
}
}
}
/******************************************************************************
* Normally FuncDeclaration and FuncAliasDeclaration have overloads.
* If and only if there is no overloads, mangle() could return
* exact mangled name.
*
* module test;
* void foo(long) {} // _D4test3fooFlZv
* void foo(string) {} // _D4test3fooFAyaZv
*
* // from FuncDeclaration.mangle().
* pragma(msg, foo.mangleof); // prints unexact mangled name "4test3foo"
* // by calling Dsymbol.mangle()
*
* // from FuncAliasDeclaration.mangle()
* pragma(msg, __traits(getOverloads, test, "foo")[0].mangleof); // "_D4test3fooFlZv"
* pragma(msg, __traits(getOverloads, test, "foo")[1].mangleof); // "_D4test3fooFAyaZv"
*
* If a function has no overloads, .mangleof property still returns exact mangled name.
*
* void bar() {}
* pragma(msg, bar.mangleof); // still prints "_D4test3barFZv"
* // by calling FuncDeclaration.mangleExact().
*/
override void visit(FuncDeclaration fd)
{
if (fd.isUnique())
mangleExact(fd);
else
visit(cast(Dsymbol)fd);
}
// ditto
override void visit(FuncAliasDeclaration fd)
{
FuncDeclaration f = fd.toAliasFunc();
FuncAliasDeclaration fa = f.isFuncAliasDeclaration();
if (!fd.hasOverloads && !fa)
{
mangleExact(f);
return;
}
if (fa)
{
mangleSymbol(fa);
return;
}
visit(cast(Dsymbol)fd);
}
override void visit(OverDeclaration od)
{
if (od.overnext)
{
visit(cast(Dsymbol)od);
return;
}
if (FuncDeclaration fd = od.aliassym.isFuncDeclaration())
{
if (!od.hasOverloads || fd.isUnique())
{
mangleExact(fd);
return;
}
}
if (TemplateDeclaration td = od.aliassym.isTemplateDeclaration())
{
if (!od.hasOverloads || td.overnext is null)
{
mangleSymbol(td);
return;
}
}
visit(cast(Dsymbol)od);
}
void mangleExact(FuncDeclaration fd)
{
assert(!fd.isFuncAliasDeclaration());
if (fd.mangleOverride)
{
buf.writestring(fd.mangleOverride);
return;
}
if (fd.isMain())
{
buf.writestring("_Dmain");
return;
}
if (fd.isWinMain() || fd.isDllMain() || fd.ident == Id.tls_get_addr)
{
buf.writestring(fd.ident.toChars());
return;
}
visit(cast(Declaration)fd);
}
override void visit(VarDeclaration vd)
{
if (vd.mangleOverride)
{
buf.writestring(vd.mangleOverride);
return;
}
visit(cast(Declaration)vd);
}
override void visit(AggregateDeclaration ad)
{
ClassDeclaration cd = ad.isClassDeclaration();
Dsymbol parentsave = ad.parent;
if (cd)
{
/* These are reserved to the compiler, so keep simple
* names for them.
*/
if (cd.ident == Id.Exception && cd.parent.ident == Id.object || cd.ident == Id.TypeInfo || cd.ident == Id.TypeInfo_Struct || cd.ident == Id.TypeInfo_Class || cd.ident == Id.TypeInfo_Tuple || cd == ClassDeclaration.object || cd == Type.typeinfoclass || cd == Module.moduleinfo || strncmp(cd.ident.toChars(), "TypeInfo_", 9) == 0)
{
// Don't mangle parent
ad.parent = null;
}
}
visit(cast(Dsymbol)ad);
ad.parent = parentsave;
}
override void visit(TemplateInstance ti)
{
version (none)
{
printf("TemplateInstance.mangle() %p %s", ti, ti.toChars());
if (ti.parent)
printf(" parent = %s %s", ti.parent.kind(), ti.parent.toChars());
printf("\n");
}
if (!ti.tempdecl)
ti.error("is not defined");
else
mangleParent(ti);
if (ti.isTemplateMixin() && ti.ident)
mangleIdentifier(ti.ident, ti);
else
mangleTemplateInstance(ti);
}
final void mangleTemplateInstance(TemplateInstance ti)
{
TemplateDeclaration tempdecl = ti.tempdecl.isTemplateDeclaration();
assert(tempdecl);
// Use "__U" for the symbols declared inside template constraint.
const char T = ti.members ? 'T' : 'U';
buf.printf("__%c", T);
mangleIdentifier(tempdecl.ident, tempdecl);
auto args = ti.tiargs;
size_t nparams = tempdecl.parameters.dim - (tempdecl.isVariadic() ? 1 : 0);
for (size_t i = 0; i < args.dim; i++)
{
auto o = (*args)[i];
Type ta = isType(o);
Expression ea = isExpression(o);
Dsymbol sa = isDsymbol(o);
Tuple va = isTuple(o);
//printf("\to [%d] %p ta %p ea %p sa %p va %p\n", i, o, ta, ea, sa, va);
if (i < nparams && (*tempdecl.parameters)[i].specialization())
buf.writeByte('H'); // https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=6574
if (ta)
{
buf.writeByte('T');
visitWithMask(ta, 0);
}
else if (ea)
{
// Don't interpret it yet, it might actually be an alias template parameter.
// Only constfold manifest constants, not const/immutable lvalues, see https://issues.dlang.org/show_bug.cgi?id=17339.
enum keepLvalue = true;
ea = ea.optimize(WANTvalue, keepLvalue);
if (ea.op == TOKvar)
{
sa = (cast(VarExp)ea).var;
ea = null;
goto Lsa;
}
if (ea.op == TOKthis)
{
sa = (cast(ThisExp)ea).var;
ea = null;
goto Lsa;
}
if (ea.op == TOKfunction)
{
if ((cast(FuncExp)ea).td)
sa = (cast(FuncExp)ea).td;
else
sa = (cast(FuncExp)ea).fd;
ea = null;
goto Lsa;
}
buf.writeByte('V');
if (ea.op == TOKtuple)
{
ea.error("tuple is not a valid template value argument");
continue;
}
// Now that we know it is not an alias, we MUST obtain a value
uint olderr = global.errors;
ea = ea.ctfeInterpret();
if (ea.op == TOKerror || olderr != global.errors)
continue;
/* Use type mangling that matches what it would be for a function parameter
*/
visitWithMask(ea.type, 0);
ea.accept(this);
}
else if (sa)
{
Lsa:
sa = sa.toAlias();
if (Declaration d = sa.isDeclaration())
{
if (auto fad = d.isFuncAliasDeclaration())
d = fad.toAliasFunc();
if (d.mangleOverride)
{
buf.writeByte('X');
toBuffer(d.mangleOverride, d);
continue;
}
if (auto id = externallyMangledIdentifier(d))
{
buf.writeByte('X');
toBuffer(id, d);
continue;
}
if (!d.type || !d.type.deco)
{
ti.error("forward reference of %s %s", d.kind(), d.toChars());
continue;
}
}
buf.writeByte('S');
mangleSymbol(sa);
}
else if (va)
{
assert(i + 1 == args.dim); // must be last one
args = &va.objects;
i = -cast(size_t)1;
}
else
assert(0);
}
buf.writeByte('Z');
}
override void visit(Dsymbol s)
{
version (none)
{
printf("Dsymbol.mangle() '%s'", s.toChars());
if (s.parent)
printf(" parent = %s %s", s.parent.kind(), s.parent.toChars());
printf("\n");
}
mangleParent(s);
if (s.ident)
mangleIdentifier(s.ident, s);
else
toBuffer(s.toChars(), s);
//printf("Dsymbol.mangle() %s = %s\n", s.toChars(), id);
}
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
override void visit(Expression e)
{
e.error("expression %s is not a valid template value argument", e.toChars());
}
override void visit(IntegerExp e)
{
if (cast(sinteger_t)e.value < 0)
buf.printf("N%lld", -e.value);
else
buf.printf("i%lld", e.value);
}
override void visit(RealExp e)
{
buf.writeByte('e');
realToMangleBuffer(e.value);
}
void realToMangleBuffer(real_t value)
{
/* Rely on %A to get portable mangling.
* Must munge result to get only identifier characters.
*
* Possible values from %A => mangled result
* NAN => NAN
* -INF => NINF
* INF => INF
* -0X1.1BC18BA997B95P+79 => N11BC18BA997B95P79
* 0X1.9P+2 => 19P2
*/
if (CTFloat.isNaN(value))
buf.writestring("NAN"); // no -NAN bugs
else if (CTFloat.isInfinity(value))
buf.writestring(value < CTFloat.zero ? "NINF" : "INF");
else
{
enum BUFFER_LEN = 36;
char[BUFFER_LEN] buffer;
const n = CTFloat.sprint(buffer.ptr, 'A', value);
assert(n < BUFFER_LEN);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
char c = buffer[i];
switch (c)
{
case '-':
buf.writeByte('N');
break;
case '+':
case 'X':
case '.':
break;
case '0':
if (i < 2)
break; // skip leading 0X
goto default;
default:
buf.writeByte(c);
break;
}
}
}
}
override void visit(ComplexExp e)
{
buf.writeByte('c');
realToMangleBuffer(e.toReal());
buf.writeByte('c'); // separate the two
realToMangleBuffer(e.toImaginary());
}
override void visit(NullExp e)
{
buf.writeByte('n');
}
override void visit(StringExp e)
{
char m;
OutBuffer tmp;
const(char)[] q;
/* Write string in UTF-8 format
*/
switch (e.sz)
{
case 1:
m = 'a';
q = e.string[0 .. e.len];
break;
case 2:
m = 'w';
for (size_t u = 0; u < e.len;)
{
dchar c;
const p = utf_decodeWchar(e.wstring, e.len, u, c);
if (p)
e.error("%s", p);
else
tmp.writeUTF8(c);
}
q = tmp.peekSlice();
break;
case 4:
m = 'd';
for (size_t u = 0; u < e.len; u++)
{
uint c = (cast(uint*)e.string)[u];
if (!utf_isValidDchar(c))
e.error("invalid UCS-32 char \\U%08x", c);
else
tmp.writeUTF8(c);
}
q = tmp.peekSlice();
break;
default:
assert(0);
}
buf.reserve(1 + 11 + 2 * q.length);
buf.writeByte(m);
buf.printf("%d_", cast(int)q.length); // nbytes <= 11
size_t qi = 0;
for (char* p = cast(char*)buf.data + buf.offset, pend = p + 2 * q.length; p < pend; p += 2, ++qi)
{
char hi = (q[qi] >> 4) & 0xF;
p[0] = cast(char)(hi < 10 ? hi + '0' : hi - 10 + 'a');
char lo = q[qi] & 0xF;
p[1] = cast(char)(lo < 10 ? lo + '0' : lo - 10 + 'a');
}
buf.offset += 2 * q.length;
}
override void visit(ArrayLiteralExp e)
{