[WIP] Add typed client helpers to Core HTTP

[miltonhultgren]

This is a rough port of @kbn/server-route-repository to enable us to use @kbn/config-schema but still get a type inferred client to use in the client side.

I've rewritten the types from scratch, mostly to understand how things work.

A big TODO is to see how to plug in zod into this instead of @kbn/config-schema since support for Zod is incoming #186190.

[obltmachine]

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